1. Ch. 7 Sec. 3-4 Social Impact of Industrial Revolution and Reform

2. Social Ills Poverty, dangerous working conditions, unsafe, unsanitary and overcrowded housing Urbanization - the movement of people to cities Air pollution from coal vapor Noise pollution from steam engines Water pollution from factory run-off, lack of proper sewage disposal

3. New Middle Class Owners and operators separate from the industrial working class (farmers out of their environment) Benefit most from their entrepreneurship and came from a variety of backgrounds Skilled craftsmen, rags to riches Lived well, little sympathy for the poor Women looked after their children Rich had maids do it Poor put theirs to work

4. Working Class Lived in slums Packed into tenements (multi-story buildings divided into apartments) No sewage or sanitation system, running water Led to spread of disease Unions illegal Secret unions led to violence Comfort in religion Movement called Methodism Personal benefits of faith, adopt sober, moral ways, rekindle hope, channel anger away from revolution

5. Factories and Mines No variation, rigid schedule Labor hours - 12-16 hr. shifts, 6-7 days Permission for breaks Exhaustion led to accidents Unsafe conditions No safety devices Poor air quality

6. Factories and Mines Early preference for women Better adapt to machines, handle easier, pay less Mine conditions were even worse Coal dust, darkness, explosions, flooding and collapsing tunnels Child labor As young as 7 Take advantage of size, in extremely dangerous conditions First reforms in early 1800s 12 hour days, nobody under 8 or 9 1840s before first serious changes for workday and ed.

7. Reform Eventually reformers successfully achieved legislation that improved working conditions (wages, hours, environment) Working class men gaining the right to vote improved political power Laissez-faire economics Adam Smith promotes helps everyone, not just the rich Thomas Malthus -population explosion Population outpace food supply Reforms eventually prove wrong

8. Reform David Ricardo’s views on wages All three believed in the unrestricted laws of the free market for poverty control (restricted government help for the poor) Jeremy Bentham – utilitarianism (the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number) Government should become involved in certain circumstances (actions judged by their utility)

9. Reform John Stuart Mill – government should intervene to prevent harm to citizens For example: abuse to workers Slowly accepted late 1800s, found in today’s democratic governments Others condemned the evils of capitalism Individual rights instead of good of society Gap between the rich and poor Radical solution………

10. Socialism Community rather than private individuals own and operate the means of production Early socialists who established communities were called Utopians, believed in goodness of human nature Robert Owen – New Lanark, Scotland Karl Marx – scientific socialism (Utopians unrealistic) based on study of history

11. Communism Marx and Friedrich Engels teamed up to write The Communist Manifesto Form of socialism created by class struggle the haves and have-nots Beourgeoisie and Proletariat Workers take control of the means of production and set up a classless society.

12. Reality Motivated a number of reform movements None exactly as Marx imagined Social democracy in Germany Russian revolution – Communist government 1900s African and Latin American revolutions turned to Marxist ideas Nationalism won out over working-class loyalty