1. Introduction to Organ Systems

2. Organ System
Function
Made of …
Integumentary
Boundary
Hair, skin, nails
Muscular
Movement, balance, function
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles
Skeletal
Protection, attachment for muscles
Bones
Nervous
Connect CNS with muscles
Neurons (sensory and motor)
Circulatory
Transport materials
Heart, vessels, blood
Digestive
Provide nutrients
Esophagus, stomach, intestine
Respiratory
Gas exchange (O2CO2)
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Immune
Resist invaders
T-cells, B-cells, antibodies
Lymphatic
Lymph nodes and fluid
Endocrine
Regulate development and organ function
Glands/secretions
Reproductive
Continuation of the species
Uterus, ovaries, eggs
Testicles, sperm

3. Integumentary System Our outer covering
Skin, hair, and nails
Separates our internal environment from the external one
Skin contains sweat glands to cool us and sebaceous (oil) glands to keep our skin pliable
Is a tan healthy?

5. Is a tan a sign of good health?
Melanocytes produce pigment.
Function is to block UV rays.
Prevent damage to cells, especially those in the actively growing layer (basal cells).

6. Diagnosing Melanomas: ABCD
Asymmetry— The shape of one half
does not match the other.
Border—The edges are often ragged,
notched, blurred, or irregular in outline;
the pigment may spread into the surrounding skin.
Color—The color is uneven. Shades of black,
brown, and tan may be present. Areas of white,
grey, red, pink, or blue also may be seen.
Diameter—There is a change in size, usually an increase. Melanomas are usually larger than the eraser of a pencil (1/4 inch or 5 millimeters).

7. Muscular System Three basic types of muscle:
Cardiac-found only in the heart
Smooth-found in hollow organs and vessels
Skeletal-attached to bones
Muscle cells are called myofibrils
Special proteins called actin and myosin allow muscles to contract.
Toned muscles stay partially contracted.
Muscles can only pull (not push), so they act in pairs (ex: bicep/tricep)

10. Skeletal System
Supportive features can be inside (endoskeleton), outside (exoskeleton) or composed of fluid (hydroskeleton)
Skeletons made of bone have a solid matrix between osteocytes (bone cells)
Most bony skeletons can be divided into the
Axial skeleton which lies along the central axis and primarily protects organs; and the
Appendicular skeleton which contains the bones of the appendages.

11. What color is the axial skeleton in this picture?
Our skeleton is held together by ligaments which connect bone to bone and tendons which connect muscle to bone.

12. Nervous System Controls our interaction with the environment.
Extensions (dendrites) receive signal
AXON TERMINALS:
Transmit signal to adjacent neurons
AXON: transmits signal; is insulated with myelin sheath secreted by Schwann cells
CELL BODY (aka soma):
Controls our interaction with the environment.
Brain and spinal card = central nervous system
Branching nerves for body = peripheral nervous system
Nerve cells called neurons:
sensory neurons receive stimuli
motor neurons react to stimuli by activating response

14. Our personal “CPU”

15. Circulatory System Consists of blood, heart and vessels
Liquid matrix called plasma is ~92% water and 7% proteins.
Plasma carries
formed elements including
erythrocytes (red bc’s)
leukocytes (white bc’s)
thrombocytes (platelets)
HEMO the Magnificent (1957)

16. Types of Vessels
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. Largest is the aorta.
Veins: carry blood back to the heart; contain valves to prevent backflow of blood as it moves against gravity. Largest is the vena cava.
Capillaries: very thin walls; site of gas exchange (O2 > CO2)

17. The heart is a double pump.
The heart is a double pump.
The right side pumps for pulmonary circulation … to the lungs and back.
The left side pumps for systemic (whole body) circulation.
So which side of the heart is larger?

18. Interactive Tutorial `

19. Urinary System
KIDNEYS filter blood and produce urine as a waste product
URETERS carry urine from kidney to …
URINARY
BLADDER
Urine exits the body via the URETHRA

20. Digestive System: Oral Cavity
Digestion is both mechanical and chemical.
Teeth pulverize food to smaller pieces.
Incisors
Canine
Pre-molars
Molars
Tongue moves food and
mixes it with saliva which contains enzymes
Mixture is now known as a bolus
Swallowing forces flap (uvula) over epiglottis so food goes down the esophagus and not the trachea
Material now called chyme

21. Swallowing pushes a flap of cartilage (epiglottis) over the opening to the trachea (glottis) so food doesn’t “go down your wind pipe”
Esophagus

22. Chemical Digestion Accessory organs secrete materials to aid digestion
Liver produces bile which is stored in gall bladder to digest fats
Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
*Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum

23. Small Intestine Food churned with acid leaves the stomach and
enters the small intestine
Divided into duodenum, jejunum
and ileum
“goblet cells” secrete mucus to
ease passage of chyme
Projections called villi increase surface area to maximize absorption of food materials

24. Lymphatic System
Clear fluid circulating through body; must be returned via veins or else edema (swelling) results.
Fluid passes through thousands of lymph nodes which contain macrophages to engulf foreign particles.

25. Immune System White blood cells are on the front line of defense
“T” cells from thymus
“B” cells from bone marrow
Immunity can be
Nonspecific: generalized defense mechanisms or
Specific: exposure to antigen results in production of antibodies

26. Response to Injury:

27. Endocrine System Label your drawing:
A collection of glands that control and coordinate body function through messengers called hormones.
Label your drawing:
A = pineal gland
B = hypothalamus
C = pituitary gland
D = thyroid/parathyroid
E = thymus
F = adrenal
G = pancreas
H = ovaries
I = testes