2. Three-Dimensionality of the Seafloor stevedeneef.photoshelter.com blog.thesietch.org flowergarden.noaa.gov

3. Destructive Fishing Methods Bottom trawling Dredging Dynamite fishing Traps

4. Bottom Trawling Occurs from subpolar to tropical latitudes Occurs in public waters Few scientific studies (but increasing) Time of recovery to original structure – years to centuries www.duke.edu

5. www.saveourseas.com

6. Bottom Trawling Bottom Trawling Info How a Trawl Works Trawling on a Non-vegetated Bottom Trawling in Seagrass

8. Effects of scallop dredging on a gravel bottom: George’s Bank: 84 m depth Un-fished area Fished area 500 m away

9. http://oceana.org/

12. Effects of Trawling Homogenizes sediments; eliminates microtopography; overturns, moves, and buries boulders and cobbles; leaves long-lasting grooves Crushes and buries some infauna, exposes others Removes, damages or displaces most structure- forming species Eliminates most late-successional species Releases large pulses of carbon

13. Similarities with Clear-cutting Both activities: Remove large amounts of biomass from the ecosystem Alter the substratum Eliminate late successional species Release large pulses of carbon to the overlying air or water nefc1.org savethedeepsea.blogspot.com

14. Frequency of trawling in some representative areas

15. Trawling and Bycatch www.njscuba.net

17. Bycatch by Gear Type

19. TEDs and BRDs http://kurrawa.gbrmpa.gov.au/

20. Dredging www.southlandnz.com hatchery.hpl.umces.edu

21. Dredging Oyster Dredging in WA State

22. Dynamite fishing Jacques Cousteau video Dynamite fishing - humans and sharks react Widespread in Southeast Asia, the Aegean Sea, and coastal Africa

23. Trap and Pot Fishing Used for lobsters, crabs, fish Wide range in size of traps www.montereyfish.com www.coexploration.org

24.  Habitat degradation in trap fisheries: Damage to sessile benthic fauna/flora during placement, fishing, and hauling