1. Marine Ecology Abiotic Biotic Non-living part of the environment
interdependence of all organisms living in the ocean, in shallow coastal waters, and on the seashore

2. Marine Abiotic Factors
water
salinity
light
pressure
temperature
dissolved gases pH
tides
currents
waves
substratum
nutrient supply
exposure to air

3. Water Cycle
97 % of the water on earth is salt water in the ocean. Of the 3% of water that is fresh water, 2% is frozen in ice caps and only 1% is usable by organisms as liquid water or water vapor found in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds , in the ground water, and as vapor in the atmosphere

4. Unique Qualities of Pure Water
The Unique Nature of Pure Water
Water is 775 times as dense as air at 0 o C
Water is found on earth in three forms – liquid, solid and gas
Density – maximum density is at 4o C not at freeing point of 0 o C and expands as it freezes so ice floats
The H20 molecule is polar and hydrogen bonding is present
Water is a polar molecule; one end is positively charged and the other is negatively charged
Cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water (surface tension) is very high

5. Salt Water Features The oceans consist of (by mass): 96.5% water
3.0% sodium and chlorine ions (table salt, Na+ and Cl–)
0.5% other salts

6. Marine Environments

7. Marine Regions

8. Food Chain Producer 1st order Consumer or Herbivore
2nd order Consumer or 1st order Carnivore
3rd order Consumer or 2nd order Carnivore
4th order Consumer or 3rd order Carnivore
Decomposers – consume dead and decaying matter as bacteria

9. Marine Food Web

10. Ecologic Pyramids
Ecological pyramid - a graph representing trophic level numbers within an ecosystem. The primary producer level is at the base of the pyramid with the consumer levels above.
Numbers pyramid - compares the number of individuals in each trophic level. May be inverted
due to size of individuals
Biomass pyramid - compares the total dry weight of the organisms in each trophic level.
Energy pyramid - compares the total amount of energy available in each trophic level. This energy is usually measured in kilocalories.
Trophic Level – each of several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy

12. Trophic Pyramids-Marine
The rule means that only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. By consuming Primary produces one will have the most energy.
Primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide. It primary occurs through the process of photosynthesis witch uses light as its energy source. Almost all life on earth is directly or indirectly reliant on primary production. The organisms reasonable for primary production are known as Primary Producers or autotrophs and form the base of the food chain. Example: Phytoplankton
The 10% rule for Energy Pyramids

13. Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycles

14. Threats to Marine Ecosystems
Oil spills and their ecological disasters
Marine dumping of wastes – plastic and other wastes
Dredging Wastes
Overfishing
Ocean acidification reducing calcium carbonate
Population displacement
Mangrove Destruction
Bycatch – marine wildlife unintentionally caught as sea turtles, porpoises, albatross, crabs, starfish & fish
Whaling is still a problem though strides are being make

15. Threats to Ocean Health
Marine Pollution
Habitat Destruction
Overfishing and Exploitation
Climate Change
Sea Temperature Rise
Ocean Acidification
Invasive Species
Ocean Dead Zones