1. The Study of Consciousness

2. Psychologists have not always thought that consciousness should be part of the study of psychology. In 1904 William James wrote an article titled “Does Consciousness Exists?”
In this article James questioned the value of studying consciousness because he could not think of a way of observe and measure another person’s consciousness, his point was that even though we can see other people talking and walking, we cannot actually measure their consciousness.

3. Consciousness as a Construct
Not all psychologists dismiss the possibility of studying consciousness, today many of them believe that consciousness can be studied because it can be linked with measurable behaviors, such as talking and brain waves. Consciousness is a psychological construct. Intelligence and emotion are psychological constructs.
None of them can be seen, touched or measured directly. However they are known by their effects on behavior and play roles in psychological theories. Although consciousness cannot be seen or touched, it is real enough to most people.

4. Meanings of Consciousness
Generally speaking consciousness means awareness. But there is more than one type of awareness. Thus the term consciousness is used in variety of ways. Sometimes consciousness refers to sensory awareness. At other times, consciousness may mean direct inner awareness. A third use of the term consciousness refers to the sense of self that each person experiences.

5. Consciousness as Sensory Awareness
When you see a raindrop glistening on a leaf, when you hear your teacher´s voice, or when you smell pizza in the cafeteria, you are conscious of these sensations around you, including sounds, sights, and smells. Your senses make it possible for you to be aware of your environment. In other words you are conscious or aware of things outside yourself.
Focusing on a particular stimulus is referred as selective attention. For ex. To pay attention in class you must screen out the rustling of paper and the scraping of chairs. Selective attention makes our senses keener. We tend to be more conscious of some things than others, for ex: sudden changes, like when a cool breeze enters a room. We are conscious of intense stimuli, such as bright colors or loud noises.

6. Consciousness as Direct Inner Awareness
Anytime you are aware of feeling angry, anytime you remember a best friend, you had when you were younger, anytime you think about abstract concepts such as love, fairness; you do so through direct inner awareness. In other words you do not hear, see, smell or touch thoughts, images, emotions, or memories. Yet you are still conscious of them, this meaning of consciousness, then is being aware of things inside you.

7. Consciousness as a Sense of Self
Have you ever noticed how young children sometimes refer to themselves by their names? For example, they might not say “I want milk”, but “Taylor wants milk”. It is only as they grow older that they begin to understand that they are unique individuals, separate from other people and from their surroundings. From there on they have a sense of self.

8. Levels of Consciousness
Psychologists speak of other levels of consciousness, the preconscious level, the unconscious level and the non conscious level. At these levels of consciousness, awareness is more limited.

9. The Preconscious Level
What if someone asks you what you wore to school yesterday or what you did after school. Although you were not consciously thinking about any of this information, before you were being asked, you were able to come with answers. Preconscious Ideas are not in your awareness right now, but you could recall them if you had to.

10. The Unconscious Level
Sigmund Freud theorized that people have an unconscious mind. Information stored in the unconscious (sometimes called subconscious), is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances, in other words this information is hidden. Imagine that you are planning to go to a party. Without realizing why, you find yourself continually distracted from getting ready.
First you might not find a pair of shoes, and then you got involved in a lengthy phone call. Can you guess what information was stored in your unconscious? It may be that you did not want to go to the party, but according to Freud’s theory this desire to avoid the party was unconscious, you were not aware of it.

11. The Non conscious Level
Many of our basic biological functions exist in on a nonconscious level. For ex: even if you try you could not sense your fingernails growing or the pupil in your eyes adjusting to light. You know that you are breathing in and out. but you cannot actually feel the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
You blink when you step from the dark into the light, but you cannot feel your pupils getting smaller. It may be just as well that these events are nonconscious.

12. Altered States of Consciousness
The word consciousness refers to the waking state- the state in which a person is awake. Yet there is also altered states of consciousness, in which a person´s sense of self or sense of the world changes. When you doze off, you are no longer conscious. When you are under the effects of drugs or alcohol, you experience altered states of consciousness.
Other altered stated of consciousness occur during: meditation, biofeedback and hypnosis. The rest of the chapter explores these altered states of consciousness.