Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
The Unification of World Trade New Philosophies for New Trade Patterns
14 The Unification of World Trade New Philosophies for New Trade Patterns
2
Unification of World Trade Expansion of Europe and Birth of Capitalism
Capitalism developed in the three centuries after the uniting of the world through trade New conditions ended mercantile policies Overseas trade restructured European and world life Rise of cities Dominance of business interests Experience varied by region
5
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Spain’s New World Conquests Overthrow of Aztec and Incan empires by conquistadores Defeat of Native Americans They were divided among themselves Lacked Spaniards’ technology and organization Were demoralized when their leaders were captured Succumbed to European diseases
6
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Spain’s New World Conquests [cont.] Making the Conquests Pay Encomiendas linked Indian taxes and labor to colonists in return for Christianization High Native American death rates Criticized by de las Casas Replaced by repartimiento system Most wealth came from gold and silver mining
7
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Spain’s New World Conquests [cont.] Merchant Profits Led to enslavement of Indians Bulk of profit did not go to Spain, which lacked commercial infrastructure Welfare and Bankruptcy Countries controlled by individual families Charles V used Spanish profits for personal goals Communero revolt of easily suppressed
8
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Portugal’s Empire Portugal in Africa Sought souls for Christianity, gold, grain, fish, and slaves Built forts along African coast for trade Pursued some inland contacts Direct intervention in Angola to acquire slaves
9
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Portugal’s Empire [cont.] Portugal in Brazil Initial contact accident of weather Brazil a consolation prize after rest of Europe acquired sugar plantations in Caribbean Profit came from gold mining with slaves Profits have no long term benefit for Portugal
10
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Portugal’s Empire [cont.] Portugal in the Indian Ocean Main interest was in Asia Fought their way into Asia ports and economy Could not maintain government domination of area Merchants pursued private interest despite membership in government-controlled monopoly Other European nations were more powerful
11
The Empires of Spain and Portugal
Evaluating Spanish and Portuguese Empires Exploitation of people and resources not the key to wealth Must have infrastructure to use wealth Both countries were hierarchical Also used wealth for personal rather than investment goals Culturally Spain and Portugal were successful
12
The first European trading empires about 1750
The first European trading empires about European seaborne intercontinental trade was dominated by Spain and Portugal in the sixteenth century. The Spanish rapidly colonized Central America, the Andes mountain regions, and the Philippines. The Portuguese concentrated on the coasts of Brazil, east and west Africa, and the Arabian Sea ports of India. A century later the Dutch, English, and French followed, establishing settler colonies in North America and South Africa and fortified trading posts along the coasts elsewhere.
13
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
The Reformation Success of Catholicism led to criticisms Martin Luther opposed church power over conscience and efficacy of sacraments John Calvin believed church had no authority over salvation; God saved people for His reasons Henry VIII (England) asserted authority over church in England (1534)
14
The Reformation in Europe
The Reformation in Europe. The tide of religious reform was felt throughout Europe and changed its political map. The early commitment of most of northern Europe to Calvinism, Lutheranism, or Anglicanism was counterbalanced by the recovery to Catholicism of France and Poland. Counter-Reformation zeal, combined with political confrontation and dynastic rivalry, culminated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), fought across Europe's heartland at enormous cost.
15
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
Catholic Reformation Council of Trent ( ) was Catholic Church response to Reformation Reaffirmed basic doctrines Reasserted necessity of celibate clergy Called for greater religious devotion from clergy Created religious orders to purify Church Church wanted single universal church while Protestants encouraged separate national states
16
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
Dutch Republic, France, and England Spanish Defeats Netherlands revolted against Spanish authority Resented Spanish governors and feared Inquisition Elizabeth I of England opposed Spanish power Supported Protestants across Europe Defeated Spanish Armada in 1588 Spain entered long decline Flow of gold from Americas ended in mid-1600s
17
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
Dutch Republic, France, and England [cont.] The Dutch: Seaborne Merchant Enterprise Had most efficient economy in early 1600s Dominated northern European shipping Had developed commercial institutions Commercial ventures in Asia; displaced Portuguese Also reached Caribbean, Brazil, and North America Ultimately could not overcome English enterprise
18
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
France and Britain France: Consolidating the Nation Turmoil of civil war ends with consolidation of royal power under Henry IV (r ) and Louis XIII (r ) Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes (1598) Louis XIII encouraged investment in shipping Domination of Europe by Louis XIV ( ) Strengthened state control of national economy Material needs of army stimulated economy
19
Trade and Religion in Western Europe
Britain: Establishing Commercial Supremacy Won right to transport all Spanish slaves (asiento) in wars with Spain in early 1700s English control of North America won by wars with France to 1763 Loss of United States after 1776 Dominant because of business sophistication
20
The Nation-state Nation-state = political state + emotional attachment of citizens Developed as empires dissolved Efficient government and interest in welfare of the people Competition over trade and colonies spurred development of nation-state
21
British power in India to 1818
British power in India to The weakening of the Mughal Empire created a situation which was exploited by the English and French East India companies. They created strategic alliances with local independent princes and competed for power on land and sea. With Clive's victory at Plassey (1757) the English gained Bengal, a power base which allowed them to expand steadily, but their control over India was not secure until their final defeat of the Maratha confederation in 1818.
22
Russia’s Empire under Peter the Great
Russia isolated from western Europe Little commercial development Serfdom predominated Peter (r ) fought Sweden and sought development models in the West Wanted cultural as well as economic development
23
Russia’s Empire under Peter the Great
The expansion of Russia,1400–1900. By the end of the fourteenth century, Mongol forcesin Russia were destroyed, mostly by Timur, and Russia beganexpansion which took it all the way from its center in Moscow,westward to the Baltic Sea, and eastward across Siberia to thePacific Ocean. The territories gained by Peter the Great were especially important, not because of their size but because they included the strategic warm-water port that became St. Petersburg. Catherine’s additions took Russia further into Europe, in the west, and to the Black Sea in the south.
24
Russia’s Empire under Peter the Great
Russia [cont.] Promoted western education and dress Promoted economic activity Put Orthodox Church under state control Strengthened economic and political position of ruling classes, landowners, and bourgeoisie while exploiting serfs Regarded as an enlightened despot
25
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems
Ottomans and Mughals Rise and decline paralleled Spain and Portugal Ottomans did not control their own trade
26
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems
Ottomans and Mughals [cont.] Akbar (Mughal) built great empire ( ) Fostered widespread economic activity Merchant class was mobile Could not protect coastal and oceanic trade Trade relations were personal, not corporate Merchants were not an armed class
27
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems
Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Ming withdrew from ocean commerce Western presence was limited Chinese only interested in silver as payment Economic growth tied to internal growth Grand Canal facilitated internal grain trade Qing ( ) continued patterns Europe “pulled” into Chinese market
28
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems
Tokugawa Japan Welcomed western missionary Francis Xavier as avenue to western culture and trade (1549) Growth and power of west prompted restriction and expulsion of most westerners (by 1624) and persecution of Japanese Christians ( ) Consolidation of government power proceeded Government under control of samurai and chonin
29
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems
Southeast Asia Attractive to all traders Offset decline in spice trade with commercial production of coffee, sugar, and tobacco Wealth went to local leaders and European merchants, not the people of the region Region became participant--and victim--of the trade system
Similar presentations
