1. [Module 1] City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

2. City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
What is urban sanitation?
Status and common threats of sanitation in Indian cities
NUSP and former policy schemes targeting sanitation
Rationale and added value of a CSP
Rating of sanitation in your city

3. Sanitation – Definition
Safe management of human excreta including its safe confinement, collection, treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practices (NUSP).
Notes:

4. Sanitation and public health
Quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route
Primary barrier e.g.:
safe excreta disposal (toilets),
protecting water sources
water handling
hand washing at critical times
food hygiene
Secondary barrier e.g:
food hygiene (cover food, wash, cook vegetables before use),
avoid barefoot walking,- use slippers,
deal with pets & animals with care P
The scheme shows the faecal – oral transmission route of pathogens which can cause severe problems for public and individual health.
The four ellipses in the center symbolize four possible transmission paths for pathogens. These can be controlled by various strategies making use of primary and secondary barriers.
Assign the following four terms to the correct transmission paths considering the effects of possible primary and secondary barriers:
Fingers, Fields, Flies, Fluids S P P S
References:
The economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India, WSP, 2006 S
Faeces
Food
New host P
Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

5. 1 gram of excreta can contain
Sanitation and public health
Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route
1 gram of excreta can contain
1,00,00,000 viruses
10,00,000 bacteria
1,000 parasite cysts
100 parasite eggs
Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta
Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity –
Hand washing with soap: 30%
Point of use Water treatment : 39%
Sanitation (toilet): 32%
Common diseases are:
Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis
Fluid P P S
Fields
References:
The economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India, WSP, 2006 S
Faeces
Food
New host
Flies
Fingers P
Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

6. Impacts of inadequate sanitation
Human health
Global death toll: more than 2.2 million people per year, mostly children under age of 5 years
17% of total deaths among children under age of 5
In India more than 2,000 children below 5 years die every day
Gender aspects
Women & girls face drudgery & serious health disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time
Girls lose school days, discontinue schools
High rate of crimes and violence against women - when they are out for defecation
Indirect impacts
Contamination and eutrophication of the environment (soils, ground water, water bodies)
Reduced ecosystem services
Reduced value of properties,
Reduced income from tourism
Reduced scenic beauty
Economy
More than 2 billions of human hours lost annually
Economic costs related to health care expenses = INR 212 billion/year
Productivity loss due to helath problems caused by inadequate sanitation = INR 217 billion/year
Notes:

7. Quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

8. Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

9. Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

10. Waters to be managed by urban sanitation
Grey water consists of waste water from bathroom, laundry, etc.
Black water consists of waste water from toilets. Major difference between grey water and black water is its pollution load (carry diseases causing pathogens) making black water harmful to human beings
Storm water runoff can be polluted / loaded with septic tank overflow, faeces, pet waste, oil, heavy metals, organic pollutants etc.

11. Sanitation scheme decentralized on-site sanitation
Leach Pit
Land Application
decentralized on-site sanitation
User Interface / toilet
Emptying
Transportation
Leaching field
decentralized on-site / off-site sanitation
Septic Tank
Notes:
Conveyance
Sewage Treatment Plant
Drying Beds
centralized off-site sanitation

12. Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop
Notes:
Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban Water and Wastewater Management, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International Water Association

13. Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities
Source: Centre for Science and Environment (2012): Excreta Matters – A profile oft he water and sewage situation in 71 Indian cities (Citizen’s Seventh Report on the State of India’s Environment)
Source: MoUD (GTZ-ASEM Consultation workshop on City Sanitation Plans, April 16th, 2010, New Delhi):
between 28-40% of the households are connected to a sewage system, whilst 34-46% rely on often uncontrolled on site disposal,
This ends up in safe disposal of human excreta of only 18-52% of Indian households, whilst excreta of 48-82% of the households are disposed unsafe

14. Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities
Infra- structure
Access to service
Institutional Arrangeents
Service usage

15. Funding schemes before NUSP
IDSMT
1979
small towns
sanitation amongst others
ILCSS
1980
reduce manual scavenging
improve latrines
Mega City Scheme
1993
JNNURM
since 2005
cities
integrated infrastructure development
basic services for urban poor
Notes:

16. Introduction to National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP)
Vision
All cities & towns become
totally sanitized, healthy and liveable ,
and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens
with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
Specific goals
Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change
Achieving Open Defecation Free Cities
Achieving Integrated City-Wide Sanitation
MOUD, GOI launched a NUSP to address all aspects related to urban sanitation in a comprehensive manner on November 12, 2008.

17. NUSP - Implementation strategy
State Sanitation Strategies
City Sanitation Plans
Detailed Project Reports
Implementation
Instruments GoI
Assistance to prepare DPRs
PPP for key projects
Funding of projects under existing schemes:
national and state level,
PPP,
external funding agencies
Support clarification of institutional roles and responsibilities
National information, education and communication strategy
National capacity building strategy
M&E: Periodic rating of cities
State Rewards Scheme
Cities
States

18. CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas
Support pillars
Governance and institutional framework
Capacity building
Awareness generation & behavioural change
Financial sustainability
Technology options
Components
Access to toilets
Waste water management
Action plan
Strategy
River pollution and storm water mamnagement
Water supply
Base line
Solid waste management

19. Phase II: Consultation, analysis and evaluation
CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas
Inception
Phase I: Diagnosis
Phase II: Consultation, analysis and evaluation
Phase III: Strategy development
Finalisation
City Sanitation Planning as a participatory planning process
Capacity building

20. Responsibilities and tasks of municipalities related to sanitation (as per 74th Constitutional Amendment)
State
Policy formulation, regulatory role, and institutional provisions
Financial provisions
Establishing & administrating the specific boards
Monitoring and rewards
Sector
ULBs
Water supply
Water supply for domestic/industrial/commercial purpose
Sanitation including solid waste
Public health,
Sanitation conservancy
SWM
Public amenities including public conveniences
Urban planning
Urban planning including town planning
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
Planning for economic and social development
Socio-economic development and poverty alleviation
Safeguarding interests of weaker sections of society
Slum improvement and upgradation
Environmental protection
Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries

21. Activity: Rating of sanitation in your hometown – status of achievement of NUSP goals
Rate the implementation of urban sanitation services / status of achievement of NUSP goals in your municipality marking the specific rating score
The scores have the following meaning:
-2: item not existing
-1: item requires remarkable improvement
0: situation reasonable
+1: good situation / performance
+2: best practice example, should be shared
Transfer your individual rating to the poster

25. Thank you very much Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 
Sustainable Urban Habitat
B-5/2, First Floor,
Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi ,
Tel: /01/02