1. WP6: Perception of changes by populations and adaptation Centre for Himalayan Studies Olivia Aubriot Joëlle Smadja Ornella Puschiasis (Ph D student)

2. Objectives: To study the socio-economic impact of climate change, its consequences on water availability & population practices

3. Impact of variability of water availability on practices: studied in the three main landscape units Study areas

4. Geographical unitsOrigin of water Melting of glaciers Melting of snow Rain Spring storms Monsoon High mountainsxx(x) Middle mountainsxxxxxx Low mountains or hills(x) xxx Terai plain areas drained by rivers flowing - from the high chain xx(x)xxx - from the Mahabharat(x) xxx Table: Hydrological resources in the four geographical units of Nepal

6. High mountain case study: Pangboche and his territory

8. Middle mountain: Kharekhola-Jhubing

9. * Main economic activities are/ were –Cattle husbandry –Agriculture * Many changes occured during the last 20- 30 years : - Tourism - Sagarmatha National Park -Lukla Airport -Water supply and hydro-electricity plants –Vegetable production (water consuming) –Political changes

10. Water mill supplied by the melting of a glacier + melting of the snow Water use

11. Hydro-electricity

12. Mills, pipes, fountains, sprinklers…

14. Water collected from other side of the river

16. The « kharka » : upland grazing area with a shelter + an enclosured field to produce fodder (not ploughed but receive manure)

20. The Koshi area

21. Flooded area in feb. 2010 Canal not completed

22. Changing course of the Koshi (120 km in 200 years)

23. 3 main changes within the last 50 years in the Eastern part of the Koshi : 1.Clearing of the forest quite recent US Army maps 1962 (western part) & 1959 (eastern) Case studies 2. Massive migration from the hills from the end of the 1960s -1970s

24. Inside the Koshi area: Grazing area Serves as a road 3. Hydraulic infrastructures : a. Koshi embankment (1964)

25. b. Canal irrigation systems from Koshi -Sunsari Morang Irrigation System= 61 000 ha, the largest of Nepal (1964 + 1978-2002) - Western koshi canal (1986). In Nepal : 13 800 ha lift irrigation and 13 100 ha canal irrigation

26. Koshi water diverted in Chatara Looking towards North Looking towards South Canal gates viewed from other bank

27. East canal gates West canal from dam c. KOSHI BARRAGE (1959-1965) Only For India 27000 ha In Nepal

29. THANK YOU