1. NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

2. COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

3. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time.
● Solar ● Geothermal
● Wind ● Biomass
● Water

4. Stored heat energy in the Earth
Energy resources
Renewable
Source
Wind
Sun
Solar
Sun
Wave
Sun
Tidal
Moon
Hydroelectric
Sun
Biomass
Sun
Geothermal
Stored heat energy in the Earth

5. Solar energy
Solar cells are expensive/cheap to make. Even though they only provide energy at low power / high power, sometimes they are the best solution to providing energy. Satellites in space use solar cells as a source of energy.
Solar power stations can use concave/convex mirrors to focus energy on a boiler. This produces the steam to turn a turbine, which in turn drives a generator and then produces electricity.

6. Wind
Unlike fossil fuels and solar energy, there is no need for a b____ in a wind turbine. The wind turns the turbine d_____ - no s____ is required.
Wind energy is very l so you need many wind turbines to meet the same energy requirements as a fuel-burning power station.
You need to find an a large a___ of land, away from settlements because of the n___, and it obviously has to be w___!
oiler
irectly
team
ow power
rea
oise
indy

7. Wave
The S__ produces the w___ and the wind causes w____. Waves can be used to turn t_______ directly and generate electricity. un
ind
aves
urbines
Wave energy is r________. No air pollution is produced such as sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain. It is also cheap to run once built.
enewable
The problems are that it is expensive to set up. There are few areas suitable, it can kill flora and fauna and the energy you get is very l
ow power

8. Tidal
The M___ causes the t____. This causes the level of the sea to rise and fall. This movement of the sea can be used to turn turbines directly and generate e________.
oon
ides
lectricity
Tidal energy is r________ and non-polluting. It is cheap to run once built.
enewable
The problems are that it is to set up. There are few areas suitable, it can kill flora and fauna and the energy you get is very l
expensive
ow power

9. Biomass
This is where you burn organic/inorganic matter, be it plant or animal. The reason it is classed as renewable/non-renewable is that you can reproduce this matter relatively quickly. For example, you can just grow some more plants.
However you do require a large area/small area of land.

10. Geothermal Advantages? Disadvantages?
Warm water comes back up and used to turn turbines
Renewable
Cold water pumped down
No acid rain or greenhouse effect
Cheap once built
Few areas suitable
Expensive to build
Water heated by hot rocks

11. Hydroelectricity

12. Introduction
Air pollution may be described as contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, solid wastes or by-products that can endanger life, attack materials and reduce visibility.
Air pollution worldwide is a threat to human health and the natural environment.
It may also be defined as the presence of matter in atmosphere at concentrations, durations, and frequencies that adversely affect human health and environment.

13. Introduction
Air pollution can be caused due to the burning of wood, coal, oil, petrol, or by spraying pesticides.
Some of the questions which might come to  mind while thinking about air pollution are:
Are we doing something about solving these problems?
Do we know enough about the conditions under which a pollution episode occurs?
What are the regulations?
How to control emissions?

14. Should we worry about Air Pollution?
Air pollution affects every one of us.
Air pollution can cause health problems and in an extreme case even death.
Air pollution reduces crop yields and affects animal life.
Air pollution can damage monuments.
Air pollution can cause significant economic losses.
In short, air pollution does not only damage air; it also damages environment on earth’s surface and their inhabitants.

15. EFFECTS ON PLANTS
Damage trees from diseases, pests, drought, frost
EFFECTS ON MATERIALS
Break down the exterior paint
Discolor irreplaceable monuments, statues, beauty sites etc (finance loss)
EFFECTS ON THE STRATOSPHERE
Destruction of the ozone layer (ozone hole)
IMPLICATIONS FOR MANKIND
Effects on human health
Food production
Plant and animal planktons damage
Effect on materials
Effect on climate

16. Air Pollutant
Contaminant that affects human life, plant life, animal life and property could be termed as an air pollutant.
Air pollutants are classified into two categories:
Primary pollutants: These pollutants are emitted from a source directly into the atmosphere.
e.g. Sulfur dioxide and Hydrocarbons
Secondary pollutants: These are formed due to the chemical reaction among two or more pollutants.
e.g. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN )

17. How to Define an Air Pollutant?
Basis: Chemicals present in the environment
Process:
Use composition of the clean air as a bench mark.
When the concentration of a chemical in air is above the bench mark, it is termed as an air pollutant .

18. Common Air Pollutants → Outdoor → Indoor SO2 Radon CO, CO2
The air pollution problem is encountered in both indoor as well as outdoor.
→  Indoor
Radon
Combustion by-products
CO, CO2, SO2, Hydrocarbons, NOx
Particulates, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
Volatile organic compounds
Asbestos
Formaldehyde
Biological contaminants
Pesticides
→ Outdoor
  SO2
  CO, CO2 
  Oxides of Nitrogen
  Ozone
  Total Suspended particles
Lead
Particulates
Volatile organic compounds
Toxic Air pollutants

19. Sources of Air Pollutants
Indoor
Outdoor

20. Sources of Air Pollution
Natural Sources
Volcanoes
Coniferous forests
  Forest fires
  Pollens
  Spores
  Dust storms
  Hot springs
Man-made Sources
  Fuel combustion - Largest contributor
  Chemical plants
  Motor vehicles
  Power and heat generators
  Waste disposal sites
  Operation of internal-combustion engines

21. Natural Sources vs. Man-made Sources
Pollutants released from natural sources like volcanoes, coniferous forests, and hot springs have a minimal effect on environment when compared to that caused by emissions from man-made sources like industrial sources, power and heat generation, waste disposal, and the operation of internal combustion engines.
Fuel combustion is the largest contributor to air pollutant emissions, caused by man, with stationary and mobile sources equally responsible.

22. Source Classification
Sources may be classified as:
(A) Primary
      Secondary
(B) Combustion
      Non-combustion
(C) Stationary
       Mobile
(D) Point: These sources include facilities that emit sufficient amounts of pollutants worth listing
       Area: all other point sources that individually emit a small
       amount of pollutants are considered as area sources.

23. WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?
Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the environment, it is termed as noise pollution.
Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations.
It is an underrated environmental problem because of the fact that we can’t see, smell, or taste it.
World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be recognized as a major threat to human well-being”

24. HEALTH EFFECTS
According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people.
Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health.
High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution.
It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.

25. SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas.
Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.
Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

26. SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION
Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.
Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution.
Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings.
Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

27. SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION
Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.
Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside.
Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.
Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.

28. SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION
Community development or urban management should be done with long-term planning, along with an aim to reduce noise pollution.
Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.

29. Forest Resources Importance: Ecological Balance
Renewable Natural resource
Economic Development
Attract rainfall
Control flood
Employment Opportunity

30. Forest Resources Importance: Provide raw material: Fuel Paper
Timber for furniture
Packing articles
Sports Goods

31. Deforestation
Cutting Trees
Causes and Effects

32. Deforestation
Cutting Trees
Timber Extraction
Causes and Effects

33. Food Resources
Food coming from agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing
Integrated Crop Management
Less farm, Women's get less food
Meaning of nutrition
Water may be issue
Food Security: Starvation & malnutrition
Alternative food resources
Causes and Effects

34. Mineral Resources Substance of chemical composition turns to metal
Found in earth crust
Iron, aluminum, copper, coal, cement
Building material, diamond, dwellery
Mining: Extracting minerals from earth

35. Mineral Resources Stages of Mining: Prospecting: Searching
Exploration: Accessing size, shape, value and location
Development: work to prepare to access
Exploitation: Extract

36. Mineral Resources Types of Mining: Surface / Open cut / Strip Mine
Deep cut / Shaft Mine
Methods depend on type.
Use of GIS
Mine Safety: Explosion, Lung diseases, methane gas
Affects environment

37. Water Resources
Water cycle: Evaporation, Precipitation -> Aquatic ecosystem
Fresh water supply problem
Overutilization
Pollution of surface and ground water
Level
Agri
Industry
Domestic
Global 70 25 5
India 90 7 3

38. Water Resources
Global climate change:
Flood and Drought

39. Water Resources Sustainable water management:
Building small reservoirs
Soil management
Recycling and treatment
Leakage of dams, lakes and pipes
Drip irrigation
Water value and importance
Flood and Drought

40. Biodiversity
Today most of us live in a socially and technologically evolved society where our exploitive potential and knowledge of nature has increased academically.
Biodiversity is the vast array of all the species of plants, animals, insects and the microorganisms inhabiting the earth either in the aquatic or the terrestrial habitats.
The human civilization depends directly or indirectly upon this biodiversity for their very basic needs of survival–food, fodder, fuel, fertilizer, timber, liquor, rubber, leather, medicines and several raw materials.

41. Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity :It includes the genetic variations within species, both among geographically separated
populations and among individuals within single population
Species diversity: It includes full range of species from micro organisms to giants and mammoth varieties of plants and animals, e.g. single celled viruses and bacteria etc. and multi-cellular plants,
animals
Ecosystems diversity : It studies variation in the biological communities in which species Jive, exist and interact

42. Measure of Biodiversity
Alpha Diversity: It indicates the number of species in a single community. The index can be used to compare the number of species in different ecosystem
Beta Diversity: It indicates the degree to which species composition changes along an environmental
gradient
Gamma Diversity: It indicates the rate at which additional species are encountered as geographical
replacements within a habitat type in different localities.

43. Value of Biodiversity Direct Values
Food Resources: Grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, condiments, tea-coffee, tobacco, liquor, oil from plant resources; and meat, fish, egg, milk (and milk products), honey, etc. from animal resources.
Other Resources: Medicine, fuel, timber, household accessories, fodder, fiber, fertilizer, wool, leather, paint, resin, wax, thatch. Ornamental plants, rubber, creams, silk, feathers, decorative items, etc.

44. Value of Biodiversity
Consumptive use: Man is mostly dependent on plant and animal resources for his dietary requirements
Productive use: Trade and commerce industry is very largely dependent on forests. Besides, timber, firewood, paper pulp, and other wood products, we get many valuable commercial products from forests
Medicine: Drugs , antibiotic, ayurveda
Aesthetic Use
Option Values

45. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
The biggest reason for the current increase in extinctions is habitat loss
By destroying habitat, we eliminate not only prominent species but also many obscure ones of which we may not even be aware.
Over harvesting of food species is probably the most obvious way in which humans directly destroy biological resources
Habitat Destruction
Hunting and Poaching
Pollution
Man and Wildlife Conflict

46. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
The aims and objectives of wildlife management in India includes the following
(i) Protection of natural habitats
(ii) Maintenance of a viable number of species
(iii) Establishment of biosphere reserves
(iv) Protection through legislation
Some of the non-government organizations working in this direction are
(i) Bombay Natural History Society
(ii) Wildlife Preservation Society of India, Dehradun.
(iii) World Wide Fund for Nature India (WWF)

47. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Laws Governing Biodiversity Conservation in India
(i) The Madras Wild Elephant Preservation Act, 1873.
(ii) All India Elephant Preservation Act, 1879.
(iii) The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897.
(iv) Wild Birds and Wild Animals Protection Act, 1912.
(v) The Indian Forest Act, 1927.
(vi) Bengal Rhinoceros Act, 1932.
(vii) Haily National Park Act
(viii) Bombay Wild, Animals and Wild Birds Protection Act, 1951.
(ix) Conservation of Forests and National Ecosystems Act, 1994.

48. National Park
According to the Indian Board for Wild Life (IBWL), “a National Park is an area dedicated by statute for all time to conserve the scenery, natural and historical objects, to conserve the wild life there in and to provide for enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means, that will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations with such modification as local conditions may demand”.
The history of National parks in India begins in 1936 when the Hailey (now Corbett) national parks of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) was created

49. Sanctuary
The Indian Board for Wild Life has defined a sanctuary as, ‘An area where killing, hunting, shooting or capturing of any species of bird or animal is prohibited except by or under the control of highest authority in the department responsible for the management of the sanctuary and whose boundaries and character should be sacrosanct as far as possible.
Accessible to public

50. Environmental Protection Act
Constitution of India has a number of provisions demarcating the responsibility of the central and state government towards ‘Environmental Protection’.
The state’s responsibility has been laid down under article 48-A which reads as follows, “the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”.
Environmental protection has been made a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under article 51-A(g) which read as “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compasion for living creatures”.
Article 21 read as, “no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

51. Environmental Protection Act
Constitution of India has a number of provisions demarcating the responsibility of the central and state government towards ‘Environmental Protection’.
The state’s responsibility has been laid down under article 48-A which reads as follows, “the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”.
Environmental protection has been made a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under article 51-A(g) which read as “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compasion for living creatures”.
Article 21 read as, “no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

52. Definition of Environment under Indian Law
According to section 2(a) of Environmental Protection Act (1986), ‘Environment’ includes, (i) water, air and land, (ii) the interrelationship which exists among and
between, (a) water, air and land and (b) human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.

53. Various statues / legislations
(a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
(b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
(c) The Environmental Protection Act, 1986
(d) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980
(e) The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972
(f) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, etc.

54. General Powers of the Central Government under EPA
Co-ordination of actions by the state government officers.
Planning and execution of nation wide programme on ‘Environmental Pollution’.
Laying down standards for emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants from
various sources whatsoever.
Laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may
cause environmental pollution.
Laying down procedures to safeguard hazardous substances.
Examination of such manufacturing process, materials and substances as are likely
to cause environmental pollution.
Carrying out and sponsoring investigation and research.
Inspection of the premises, plants, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other
processes, material or substances.
Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutions to
carryout function entrusted to them.
Preparation of manuals, codes, guides, etc.
Section 4 – Appointment of officers and their powers and functions
Section 5 – Power to give directions
Section 6 – Rules to regulate environmental pollution

55. The Forests Conservation Act, 1980
‘Non Forest Purpose’ means the breaking up or cleaning of any forest, land or portion there of for the cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil bearing plants, horticultural crops, medicinal plants or plantation crops.
breaking up of soil can only be permitted after taking into consideration all aspects of the question, the over all advantages and disadvantages to the economy of the country

56. Current Requirements that should be met before declaring an area into a Wild Life Sanctuary / National Park under Forest Act
(a) The state government may by notification in the office declare the provisions of their chapter applicable to any forest land or wasteland which is not included in a reserve forest, but which is the property of the government.
(b) The forest land and waste land included in any such notification shall be called a ‘Protected Forest’.
(c) No such notification shall be made unless the nature and extent of the rights of government and of private persons in or over the forest land or wasteland comprised therein have been inquired into and recorded at a survey or settlement, or in such other manner as the state government thinks sufficient.

57. Role of NGO Organisation
Creating awareness among people on current environmental issues and their solutions.
Being involved in the protection of human right to have a clean environment.
Conducting participatory rural appraisal.
Transferring information through newsletter, brochures, articles, audiovisuals, etc.
Helping the village administrative officials in the preparation, application and execution of projects on environmental protection.

58. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The objective of the Act is to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution for the establishment with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purpose of boards for conferring on and assigning to such boards powers and functions relating there and for matters connected therewith.

59. Functions of Central Board (Section- 16)
Advice to central government on any matter related to air quality
To execute nation wide awareness programme
Co-ordinate with state boards and resolve disputes among them
To provide technical assistance and guidance to state boards
Sponsor research and investigation regarding problem of air pollution
Collect technical and statistical data to prepare manuals, code, guide related to air.
To lay down standards for the quality of air.
Section 19 – Declaration of air pollution control area
Section 10 – Lays down the standards for emission of air pollutants from automobiles

60. Penalty for Contravention of Certain Provision of the Act
Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this act or any order or direction issued there under for which no penalty has been elsewhere provided in this act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 month or with a fine extend to Rs. 10,000/- or with both.
Both companies and government departments are also prosecuted under the Air Act.

61. Water Pollution Act
The objective of the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act was to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water for the establishment with a view to carrying out the purpose aforesaid, of boards for the prevention and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.

62. Functions of Central Board
Promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the state.
Advise the central government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution
Co-ordinate the activities of the state boards and resolve disputes among them.
Provide technical assistance and guidance to the state board, carryout and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution.
Organize through mass media, a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control of water pollution.
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the measure devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes regarding the treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents.
Establish and recognize a laboratory to enable the board to perform its functions under this section effectively, including the analysis of samples of water from any stream or well of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.

63. Importance of Section 24 of Water Act, 1974
No person should knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be laid down by the state
board to enter into any stream or well or sewer or on land.
Whoever contravention of provisions of section (24) shall be punishable with imprisonment upto six years and with fine.
Even the municipality corporation, companies, government departments also be prosecuted under water act

64. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and animal species.
The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants.
It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir which has its own wildlife act

65. Wildlife Protection Act 1972
It has six schedules which give varying degrees of protection.
Schedule I and part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties.
Species listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are much lower.
Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted.
The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting.