1. The Nature of Matter Day 1 Write down the title of today’s lecture and the date in your notebook. Update your learning objectives as we proceed!

2. The Nature of Matter (2-1) First, turn to your neighbor Discuss the question, “What do you know about atoms?” (hint: use your learning objectives) What are they made of? What do they look like? What else do you remember about them? Be ready to share in one minute Copy the diagram we develop on the board Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be broken down into electrons, neutrons, protons Fun fact (you are not responsible for this): There are about 10 28 atoms in your body! 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

3. Atoms and molecules What is the difference between atoms and molecules? Educated guess! Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share Volunteers! I need three of you, please Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined Function as a unit with new properties Can be split back apart into individual atoms Molecules can be small (water – only 3 atoms) Molecules can be huge (table sugar has 45 atoms!)

4. Elements and Compounds What are elements and compounds? Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share anything Element: material that has only ONE type of ATOM Ex: sodium Ex: chlorine Compound: material that contains only ONE type of MOLECULE. Ex: sodium chloride Remember: elements contain one type of atom Pure compounds contain one type of molecule I need 8 volunteers this time

5. Review Use about half a page to create the following table in your notes AtomMolecule A lot of one type of element A lot of one type of compound

6. Review Use the kits to develop a model that shows the differences between: One atom of hydrogen One molecule of water A small amount of the pure element hydrogen A small amount of the pure compound “water” (or H 2 O) Show your model to Mr. Welman Record a drawing of the model in your table. Note: each ball represents a single atom Sticks can connect atoms to form one molecule When done: complete “exit slip” – turn in

7. Lipids and Carbohydrates (Record title and date) Today’s and Tomorrow’s learning objective: Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

8. Organic Carbon Compounds(2-3) What does the term “organic carbon compound” mean to you? Discuss, be ready to share. Organic carbon compounds: Macromolecules that contain carbon & are/were part of a living organism. Macromolecules = Really large compounds Organic carbon compounds BUILD all living material. Protein macromolecule Water molecule

9. 4 main types of organic carbon compounds What are they? Check your learning objectives. Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids

10. Lipids – what are they? Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids) Oil examples: olive oil, diesel fuel Fat examples: cholesterol, trans fats, butter, lard, some vitamins

11. Lipids – why are they important? What do you know about fats and oils? Store long-term energy (fat) Fats difficult to break down (metabolize), but store more energy than carbs (sugars, grains, etc) Question: what would you eat before a long run? Lipids (oils/fats) or carbohydrates (sugars/grains)? Carbohydrates Question: What do cells use to store lots of energy: Lipids or carbohydrates? Lipids

12. Lipids– why else are they important? Make up cell membranes Cell messengers (help cells talk to each other) Long-term energy storage “Head” with 2 or 3 “tails”

13. Carbohydrates – what are they? What do you know about carbohydrates? Monosaccharides Single sugar – a simple ring molecule Examples: Fructose (in honey, some fruits) Glucose (very common – energy for cells) Polysaccharides – What does this mean? MANY monosaccharides combined

14. Carbohydrates – polysaccharides Plants store extra glucose as “starch” Many glucose combined = starch (e.g. potatoes) Animals eat, break down starch – get quick energy Animals store extra glucose as “glycogen” Many glucose combined = glycogen Stored in our liver & muscle cells Question: What is the difference between glycogen and starch?

15. Carbohydrates – why are they important? Quick energy use Short-term energy storage Cell structure – especially in plants Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)

16. Exit slip! 1 min to review, ask questions Then complete exit slip in order to leave class.

17. Warmup – Written Work alone, using your notes 1) List one function of carbohydrates. 2) List one function of lipids. 3) You eat too much sugar. Would your body store it as starch, glycogen, or a fat? Glycogen – in liver & muscles

18. Proteins and Nucleic Acids Today’s learning objective: Explain basic properties of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

19. Outline Questions from yesterday? Proteins and nucleic acids – notes/discussion! (And you get to eat a cracker!) Interactive review!

20. Nucleic Acids – what are they? What is DNA? What does it do? Discuss. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribononucleic Acid) Molecules that build proteins Hereditary Passed from parent(s) to offspring

21. Nucleic Acid – Structure What does DNA look like? DNA – double strand “Double helix” RNA – single strand “Single helix” Questions about DNA?

22. Proteins – what are they? What do you know about proteins? Discuss. They’re macromolecules made of amino acids joined together What are macromolecules again? DNA – contains instructions to build proteins DNA puts amino acids in long chains Fold into specific shape = specific job If shape is changed, protein won’t work!

23. Proteins – why are they important? Proteins Helps build muscles, bones Create most of your traits (what you look like!) Move materials in and out of cells Helps with immune responses Control the rate of chemical reactions (ENZYMES!)

24. Enzymes and chemical reactions What is a chemical reaction? Discuss. Chemical reaction: One or more chemicals (reactants) react to form different chemicals (products) Reactant(s)  Product(s) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions Occur in living organisms (cells) Often millions of time faster! Speed up = “catalyze” ENZYMES ARE ONE TYPE OF PROTEIN

25. Amylase- time to eat a cracker! Amylase is an ENZYME that helps 1 starch molecule… …get broken down into 3 glucose molecules Without amylase, your body could not break down starch efficiently.

26. Proteins and enzymes Enzymes provide a site for chemicals to come together to react – like a “lock and key” Enzymes are specific – only help certain chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes)Animation

27. Proteins and enzymes Enzymes may either: Break down molecules (e.g. food) or Synthesize/build molecules (e.g. building new proteins)

28. Review – carbs, lipids, and proteins Review covers yesterday and today Not participating or off-topic = extra homework (already printed…) Discuss, be ready to share each.

29. What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a polysaccharide? Monosaccharide = one ring; polysaccharide = many combined monosaccharides Both are carbohydrates

30. What are proteins made of? Amino acids (not nucleic acids – those are DNA/RNA)

31. Is a lipid a molecule or an atom? Molecule

32. Difference between glycogen and glucose? Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules.; Glycogen stores energy for short-term needs Glucose is available for immediate energy

33. What is the difference between starch and glycogen? Starch = plants; glycogen = animals

34. What do enzymes do? Speed up chemical reactions

35. Explain the “lock and key” analogy for how enzymes and their substrates interact. (Substrates are the chemical(s) they react with) Short answer and/or labeled drawing. In this analogy, the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The substrate fits into a specific location in the enzyme, and once they are joined together, the chemical reaction can take place.

36. What are some important functions of proteins? Helps build muscles, bones Create most of your traits (what you look like!) Move materials in and out of cells Helps with immune responses Control the rate of chemical reactions (ENZYMES!)

37. What would be more likely to help you break down food quickly: an enzyme or a nucleic acid? Enzymes!

38. What is more difficult for living organisms to break down – a lipid or a carbohydrate? Lipids

39. What is an important function of lipids? Make up cell membranes Cell messengers (help cells talk to each other) Long-term energy storage

40. What is an important function of carbohydrates? Quick energy use Short-term energy storage Cell structure – especially in plants Cell walls = cellulose (fiber)

41. What is an atom? Short answer. Be clear – a vague answer will earn partial credit. An atom is the smallest whole unit of matter.

42. What do nucleic acids contain instructions for? Proteins (which build your traits)

43. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? Short answer. An atom is the smallest “unit” of matter, while a molecule is comprised of at least two atoms chemically joined together.

44. Which generally stores more energy: a typical lipid molecule or a typical carbohydrate molecule? One word answer. Lipid

45. Everything after this used in previous years…

46. Catalase Lab! Catalase is an enzyme Present in your liver Like all enzymes, it speeds up a chemical reaction – it breaks down hydrogen peroxide (a toxic cell waste product) The speed of this reaction is influenced by temperature and other factors 2H 2 O 2  2H 2 0 + O 2 (broken down into water and oxygen bubbles)

47. Proteins – what do they look like? Primary structure – the order of the amino acids

48. Proteins – what do they look like? Secondary and tertiary structure Refer to how the protein is folded

49. USED THIS IN PREVIOUS YEARS…. Your task: Copy this table into your notebook and complete fill in the blanks. You may work with your neighbor. (Carbs and lipids right now, proteins later) LipidsCarbohydratesProteins Contain mostly: List three important functions 1) Energy storage List three examples Glucose (mono)

50. Your task: Copy and complete this table into your notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table) LipidsCarbohydratesProteins Contain mostly:Carbon, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen What do they look like? One “head”, two or three “tails” or List three important functions Energy storage, cell communication, hormones Energy for cells, cell structure (cellulose, chitin), energy storage List three examples Olive oil Butter Cholesterol Glucose (mono) Sucrose (di) Starch/glycogen (polysaccharide) Egg white, …

51. Your task: Copy and complete this table into your notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table) LipidsCarbohydratesProteins Contain mostly:Carbon, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen What do they look like? One “head”, two or three “tails” or Long chain of aa (primary); then folded up (secondary, tertiary) List three important functions Energy storage, cell communication, hormones Energy for cells, cell structure (cellulose, chitin), energy storage Characteristics Immune system Cell transport Enzymes List three examples Olive oil Butter Cholesterol Glucose (mono) Sucrose (di) Starch/glycogen (polysaccharide) Egg white Amylase Catalase