1. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S): Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
Explain America’s desire for normalcy after the war and a fear of communism and foreigners led to isolationism

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
Commitment
Attitude
CARES
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

3. America Struggles with Postwar Issues
Section 1
America Struggles with Postwar Issues
A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and “foreigners” lead to postwar isolationism.
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4. Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues1
SECTION
Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues
Postwar Trends
The Effects of Peace on the Public
• War leaves Americans exhausted; debate over League divides them
• Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down
- soldiers take jobs from women, minorities
- farmers, factory workers suffer
• Nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation
• Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular
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5. SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES
The American public was exhausted from World War I
Public debate over the League of Nations had divided America
An economic downturn meant many faced unemployment
A wave of nativism swept the nation

6. ISOLATIONISM Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism
Isolationism meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs

7. Fear of Communism The Red Scare 1
SECTION
Fear of Communism
The Red Scare
• Communism—economic, political system, single-party government
- ruled by dictator
- no private property
1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia
U.S. Communist Party forms; some Industrial Workers of the World join
Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action
Continued . . .
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8. SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM
Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state
Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime
He was a follower of the Marxist doctrine of social equality
A Communist party was formed in America, too
Lenin

9. FEAR OF COMMUNISM
One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism
Communism is an economic and political system based on a single-governmental party, equal distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a dictatorship

10. 1
SECTION
continued Fear of Communism
The Palmer Raids
• Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists
• Anarchists oppose any form of government
• Raids trample civil rights, fail to find evidence of conspiracy
Continued . . .
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11. Palmer Raids

12. Palmer Raids

13. Terrorized immigrants

14. Guided Reading
After World War I, many Americans feared that Communist would take over the country.
1. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear?
2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public?
Launched raids against suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchists;
arrested, jailed, and deported suspected radicals
Looked foolish when his raids failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy

15. Chapter 12 Section 1
A – Why did Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer launch a series of raids against suspected Communists?
He believed that a communist revolution was imminent in the United States
And he needed an issue on which to campaign for the 1920 democratic presidential nomination.

16. 1
SECTION
continued Fear of Communism
Sacco and Vanzetti
Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives
1920, Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested
- charged with robbery, murder
- trial does not prove guilt
Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad
- Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927
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17. SACCO & VANZETTI The Red Scare fed nativism in America
Italian anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti were a shoemaker and a fish peddler
Convicted of robbery and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was symbolic of discrimination against radical beliefs during the Red Scare

18. B – According to Vanzetti, what were the reasons for his imprisonment?
Because he was a political radical and a foreigner.

19. Limiting Immigration Anti-Immigrant Attitudes 1
SECTION
Limiting Immigration
Anti-Immigrant Attitudes
Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed
Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist
Continued . . .
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21. Limiting Immigration The Klan Rises Again 1
SECTION
Limiting Immigration
The Klan Rises Again
Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves
KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons
- 1924, 4.5 million members
Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power
Continued . . .
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22. THE KLAN RISES AGAIN
As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the KKK was more popular than ever
By 1924, the Klan had 4.5 million members

24. C – What were the main goals of the Ku Klux Klan at this time?
To keep America under the control of white, native-born males;
To get rid of other groups, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people, and radicals;
To oppose union organizers;
To help enforce prohibition.

25. Guided Reading
After World War I, many Americans feared that Communist would take over the country.
3. How did the Ku Klux Klan respond to this fear?
4. Why did the Klan eventually lose popularity and membership?
Used it as an excuse to harass anyone unlike themselves, including African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, union members, and intellectuals
The Klan members' racial violence and criminal activities turned many Americans against them.

26. The Quota System 1 • 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600%
SECTION
continued Limiting Immigration
The Quota System
• 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600%
• Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country
- sharply reduces European immigration
• 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890
• Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans
• Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan
• Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter
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27. CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION
Congress, in response to nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration
America changed its formally permissive immigration policy

28. D – Why did congress make changes in immigration laws during the 1920’s?
The number of immigrants increased sharply, and many Americans did not want people from foreign countries entering the nation.
Since some of them were anarchist and socialists and some were believed to be communists

29. A Time of Labor Unrest Postwar Labor Issues 1
SECTION
A Time of Labor Unrest
Postwar Labor Issues
Government doesn’t allow strikes in wartime; over 3,000 strikes
Employers against raises, unions; label strikers as Communists
Continued . . .
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30. A TIME OF LABOR UNREST
Strikes were outlawed during WWI, however in 1919 there were more than 3,000 strikes involving 4 million workers

31. A Time of Labor Unrest The Boston Police Strike 1
SECTION
A Time of Labor Unrest
The Boston Police Strike
Boston police strike over raises, right to unionize
Calvin Coolidge ends strike, replaces strikers with new policemen
Continued . . .
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32. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE
Boston police had not received a raise in years and were denied the right to unionize
The National Guard was called
New cops were hired

33. Guided Reading
Public Opinion turned against labor unions as many Americas came to believe that unions encouraged communism.
5. Why was the strike by the Boston Police unpopular with the public?
Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular?
Threatened public safety;
appeared to be an act of communism or anarchism
Called in the National Guard to restore order, leading to the end of the strike

34. The Coal Miners’ Strike1
SECTION
continued A Time of Labor Unrest
The Coal Miners’ Strike
1919, John L. Lewis becomes head of United Mine Workers of America
Leads strike; defies court order to work; accepts arbitration
Miners receive 27% wage increase; Lewis becomes national hero
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35. COAL MINERS’ STRIKE
Lewis
In 1919, United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis called a Strike on November 1
Lewis met with an arbitrator appointed by
President Wilson
Lewis won a 27% pay raise and was
hailed a hero

36. Labor Movement Loses Appeal1
SECTION
continued A Time of Labor Unrest
Labor Movement Loses Appeal
In 1920s, union membership drops from over 5 million to 3.5 million
Less than 1% of African Americans, just over 3% whites in unions
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37. 1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS
The 1920s hurt the labor movement
Union membership dropped from 5 million to 3.5 million
Why?
African Americans were excluded from membership and immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions
Ford Foundry workers in 1926; only 1% of black workers were in Unions at the time

38. A Time of Labor Unrest The Steel Mill Strike 1
SECTION
A Time of Labor Unrest
The Steel Mill Strike
1919, steel workers strike; companies use force, later negotiate
Talks deadlock; Wilson appeals; strike ends
report on conditions leads to 8-hour day
Continued . . .
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39. STEEL MILL STRIKE
In September of 1919, the U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union representatives
In response, over 300,000 workers struck
Scabs were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops
The strike was settled in 1920 with an 8-hour day but no union

40. Guided Reading
Public Opinion turned against labor unions as many Americas came to believe that unions encouraged communism.
6. Why was the strikes at U.S. Steel unpopular
7. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike?
People believed the steel companies' propaganda linking the strikers and their leaders to communism;
violence had broken out, 'which alarmed a public that was still ignorant of the severe working conditions in the mills.
Made a written plea for peace between the Strikers and steel companies

41. E – Compare the results of the Boston Police strike and the steel strike.
Neither strike was successful;
The police lost their jobs, and the steel workers won nothing.