1. EPIDEMIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Budapest, XIV. Hungária krt. 23-25. Telephone: 251.9900 Internal phone: 8090, 8091 Fax: 251.9260 E-mail: Fodor.Laszlo@aotk.szie.hu

3. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Lectures Bakonyi, Tamás: Associate Professor Fodor, László: Professor Makrai, László: Associate Professor Tuboly, Tamás: Professor Varga, János: Professor invited speakers

4. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Plenary practicals Bakonyi, Tamás: Associate Professor Fodor, László: Professor Hornyák, Ákos: Head of Department Makrai, László: Associate Professor Tuboly, Tamás: Professor Varga, János: Professor Diagnostical practical 4 weeks

5. Importance of infectious diseases all areas of veterinary medicine great economic impact (avian influenza 20 bn $) trade of animal and animal products zoonoses food hygiene, food safety 25% of human death cases is because of infective agents

6. Subject of „Epidemiology, infectious diseases” Structure lectures plenary practicals (from 10th October, 2011) practice at diagnostic institute midterm exam (24th October, 21st November) Content general epidemiology diseases caused by viruses diseases caused by prions diseases caused by bacteria

7. Literature Hagan and Brunner’s Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 8th Ed. Comstock Publishing Associates 1988. Kahn (Ed.): The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th Ed. Merck & Co. 2010. www.merckvetmanual.com http://www.oie.int Straw, B. et al. (Eds.): Diseases of swine. 9th Ed. Blackwell. 2006. Saif, Y.M. (Ed.Ch.): Diseases of poultry. 12th Ed. Blackwell. 2008. Radostits, O.M. (Ed.): Veterinary Medicine 10th Ed. Elsevir. 2007.

8. HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Varro (2nd cent B.C.): living agents Fracastoro (16th cent.) „contagium vivum” Leeuvenhoek (17th-18th cent.): microscope Pollender (19th cent.): bacteria in the blood of animals with anthrax Pasteur-Koch (19th-20th cent.) Ivanovsky (19th cent.): virus Löffler and Frosch (1897): foot and mouth disease virus Jenner (1796): pox Mechnikov (1884): phagocytosis Behring (1890): antibodies in the blood eradication of infectious diseases

9. Infectious disease agent (lower ranked) host (higher ranked) exposition - disposition phases of infection

10. Sources of infection source: generally infected animals / humans direct indirect excretions, secretions (blood, faeces, urine, saliva, milk, semen,) products of animal origin (meat, milk, skin, wool, hair) drinking water, feed soil, environment aerogenic arthropods iatrogenic infections nosocomial

11. Transmission of diseases vertical germinative intra uterine galactogen horizontal Zoonoses orthozoonoses cyclozoonoses metazoonoses sapronoses

12. Infection ways of infection per os, intra nasal, genital tract, udder conjunctiva, per cutan, wound optimal entrance source of infection: animal (carrier), environment, feed, water, etc. Forms of infection reinfection exacerbation superinfection secondary infection mixed infection

13. Outcome of the infection (agent – host – environment) agent relationship of the agent and the host (pathogenicity, virulence) amount of the agent way of infection host species, age species related resistance non specific resistance specific resistance environment nutrition management

14. Outcome of the infection (agent – host - environment) Agent host-parasite relationship normal microflora pathogenicity (euryxen / stenoxen, obligate / facultative pathogen) virulence (virulence factors, MLD, LD 50, change of the virulence) invasiveness (intra cellular, extra cellular) amount of the agent way of infection (optimal!) Henle-Koch postulates

15. Outcome of the infection (agent – host – environment) Host species, age (species specific resistance) race, individual resistance (lines) production (feeding, laying) non specific resistance skin, mucous membranes, excretions (HCl, fatty acids, bile, etc. macrophag-phagocyte system (MPS) complement, properdin, opsonin IL, IF, TNF specific resistance passive immunity (natural, induced) active immunity (natural, induced)

16. specific resistance humoral resistance (IgA, IgG etc.) cellular resistance (i.c. bacteria, viruses) effect of immune suppression (toxicosis, medicine, micotoxins, some agents, parturation etc.) foetal immune reaction (hierarchy, age) immune reaction of newborns (age related) calf: Ig 4-32 days calf, piglet: local immune reaction immediately (disappears, no immune memory) cellular immune reaction: 0-2 weeks weaker

17. Outcome of the infection (agent – host – environment) Environment survival in the environment environmental effects on animals predisposes to facultative pathogens nutrition management technology (weaning, grouping, treatment, castration, sheering, transport) physiological effects, use of animals

18. Course of an infectious disease 1.local infection 2.infections of different organs (localised) 3.generalised infections incubation: infection, colonisation, replication generalisation: spreading (blood, lymphatic vessels, perineural) foetus: resorption, embryonic death, abortion teratogenic decreased resistance tolerated infections manifestation: clinical signs, lesions (virulence factors)

19. Course of infectious diseases caused by viruses replication at the place of entry and in the regional lymph node localisation by macrophages replication in infected macrophages, lymphocytes, blood (viraemia) replication in lymphoid cells: immune suppression, damage of blood vessels secondary replication in tissues damage of cells: clinical signs reactive inflammation, allergic reactions clinical signs

20. Start and course of infectious diseases Course of the disease incubation time course of an infection in time peracute acute subacute chronic Outcome of the disease: recovery (full or partial), carrier death

21. Infections without clinical signs forms of infections without clinical signs abortive infection inapparent (sub clinical) infection persistent infection (virus) latent infection (virus) tolerated infection (virus) importance of infections without clinical signs

22. Epidemiology of infectious diseases Characteristic of infectious diseases infectious diseases contagious diseases soil infections Statistical evaluation of infectious diseases morbidity mortality lethality incidence prevalence

23. Analysing methods of infectious diseases data collection to diagnostic work monitoring surveillance (passive, active) screening control of hypothesis statistical methods blind examinations

24. Extension of infectious diseases endemic diseases (enzootia) epidemic diseases (epizootia) pandemic diseases (panzootia) Notification International cooperation regarding infectious diseases OIE (Office International des Epizooties, World Organisation for Animal Health) 1924. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) 1948. WHO (World Health Organisation) 1948.

25. Factors influencing infections geographical factors (island, desert, mountain, river, soil) climatic factors (sunshine, wind, vapour content, season) management (overcrowding, mixing, contact, draught, NH 3 ) nutrition (pasture, stable, starvation) transport (road, rail, harbour) biological factors (mating, leave of the offspring)

26. Diagnostics of infectious diseases complex epidemiological data clinical signs pathological lesions allergic examination laboratory examinations (diagnostic institutions) evaluation, diagnosis

27. Diagnostics of infectious diseases epidemiology – clinical signs – pathological lesions allergic tests (tuberculin, mallein) laboratory diagnosis sampling, letter histological examination microscopic examination (smear) electron microscopic examination isolation (medium – cell culture – egg – laboratory animal) serological tests classical: agglutination, precipitation, elfo, PAGE, CFT virus serology: VN, HAI marked immunological methods: IF, ELISA, RIA, IRMA

28. Diagnostics of infectious diseases cellular tests lymphocyte stimulation test immune rosette formation cytotoxic reaction macrophage migration  -interferon test methods detecting nucleic acids (DNA hybridisation, PCR) more diagnostic methods have to be used complex evaluation

29. Treatment of diseased animals aetiological treatment symptomatic treatment bacteria: antibacterial treatment (appropriate medicine) individual / mass treatment treatment of certain diseases is not allowed some chronic diseases cannot be treated or treatment is not reasonable prevention of complications (diseases caused by viruses) hyperimmune serum

30. Prevention and control of infectious diseases 1.veterinary administration, rules general rules specific measures 2.immune prophylaxis 3.chemoprophylaxis

31. Prevention and control of infectious diseases 1.rules, veterinary administration international transport, certificates import restrictions quality requirements localisation

32. Prevention and control of infectious diseases general rules all in, all out, disinfection isolated keeping of different animal species / age groups closed keeping, limited traffic (personal, vehicles, avoiding mixing) isolation from wild animals, rodents, birds rendering dead animals, waste rules of hatching, transport of day-old chicken excluding carrier people

33. Prevention and control of infectious diseases 1.veterinary administration general rules specific rules specific measures concerning a certain disease 2.immune prophylaxis 1.passive immunisation 2.active immunisation 3.chemoprophylaxis

34. Immune prophylaxis Passive immunisation hyperimmune serum maternal immunity epitheliochorial: colostrum syndesmochorial: mainly colostrum endotheliochorial: diaplacentar + colostrum immuno globulin content of the colostrum is decreasing 1st day3rd dayCommercial milk Protein18.87.53.25 Ig13.11.00.09 Colostrum (%)

35. enteral absorption of Ig is decreasing enteral lymphocytes can be transferred bisection time effect of the antigen on the amount of maternal antibodies can inhibit immunisation

36. Immunprophylaxis Active immunisation factors influencing efficacy live vaccines (attenuated) inactivated vaccines

37. New generation vaccines live vaccines deletion vaccines vector vaccines not living vaccines subunit vaccines inactivated deletion vaccines ISCOM vaccines, virus like particles synthetic vaccines nucleic acid vaccines (DNA, ss+RNA) transgenic plant vaccines not replicating vector vaccines anti-idiotype vaccines DIVA: Differentiation Infected and Vaccinated Animals

38. Prevention and control of infectious diseases 1.veterinary administration general rules specific rules specific measures concerning a certain disease 2.immune prophylaxis 1.passive immunisation 2.active immunisation 3.Chemoprophylaxis antibacterials

39. Control, eradication selection (test and remove) (+ vaccine) generation shift herd replacement SPF method embryo transfer Eradication of human infectious diseases smallpox (1959-1979) polyomyelitis (some years) rubella, mumps (target: 2010-2015) Eradication of infectious diseases of animals Rinderpest (2011): 2010-2015)