2. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 1 About me, you and this lecture – What do you hope to gain from this lecture? Jeff Conn’s Webpage: web.pdx.edu/~connjcweb.pdx.edu/~connjc

3. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 2 Sociolinguistics  The study of language in its social contexts  Speech community - group of people who share some set of social conventions (socioling norms) regarding language use - EXAMPLES?  Accent - pronunciation  Dialect - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and usage - MFL exampleMFL example  Some examples of homophones for some -- hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, calm/com, Don/Dawn  Variety - used as a more neutral term for dialect or language 1)Mary = merry = marry 2)Mary = merry  marry 3)Mary  merry = marry 4)Mary = marry  merry???

4. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 3 Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time  Some social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others)  REGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America?  Sex/Gender  Social class*  Age  Ethnicity*  Style Sociolinguistics

5. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 4 Linguistic variation and change – Social Class  Regional difference is post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc)post-vocalic r  William Labov - NYC - listen to a New YorkerNYClisten to a New Yorker  Style – attitudes about varieties Coffee shop with a sign: “We’re sorry - no blended drinks today. The blender is broke.” This sign was in Portland area – where would you expect to see it (based on stereotypes – not your opinion if they’re real) [stereotypes based on class/education/income]

6. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 5 Linguistic variation and change  Some dialects in North America have no r at the ends of words (car, card, guard, etc). For them, r can only be the beginning of a syllable.  Includes New York City, Boston, New England and some older southern styles (like Savannah, GA, Charleston, SC, Richmond, VA)  American Tongues Chapter 17, 44:24  post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc) post-vocalic r  William Labov - NYC - listen to a New YorkerNYClisten to a New Yorker

7. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 6 Linguistic variation and change  Style and ling change interacts with social class   William Labov’s department store study

8. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 7 Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time  Some social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others)  REGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? REGION  Sex/Gender  Social class*  Age  Ethnicity*  Style Sociolinguistics

9. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 8 Dialect Study Background Linguistic variation and change  Regional varieties described in terms of lexical choices done through Linguistic Atlas creation  Dialectologists looked at NORMs = old men in the sticks! (non-mobile old rural men)  Asked what is the word you use for...  Plotted variation on a map and drew lines – isoglosses (see image  )  Now sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening (lang change) in the cities

10. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 9 Linguistic variation and change - Region  Craig Carver, 1987 – Used Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) which looked at lexical variation to identify dialects of N. American English  Now sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening in the cities with respect to language change  Labov, Ash and Boberg, 2005: Lingusitic Atlas of North American English = large scale phonological survey of North American English American Tongues – Chapter 10

11. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 10 What are the different regional accents in your opinion? http://www.pbs.org/speak/speech/mapping/map.html

12. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 11 O’Grady, et al., 2010

13. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 12 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010

14. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 13 Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists American Tongues – Chapter 5

15. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 14 O’Grady, et al., 2010

16. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 15 Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists O’Grady, et al., 2010

17. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 16 Non circled vowels = lax vowels

18. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 17 Linguistic variation and change  Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time  Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

19. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 18 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010

20. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 19 Linguistic variation and change  Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time  Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

21. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 20 Linguistic variation and change  The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

22. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 21 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010

23. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 22 Linguistic variation and change  The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

24. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 23 Linguistic variation and change  The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

25. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 24 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010 ?

26. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 25 Linguistic variation and change  The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)

27. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 26 California different from Canada – Is Seattle/Portland different from Vancouver BC?

28. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 27 Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

29. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 28 Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught From Linguistic Atlas of N American English

30. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 29 Melissa, 28 ‘caught’ ‘cot’ Cot/Caught Merger

31. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 30 Cot/Caught Merger ‘off’ Dorothy, 89

32. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 31 The Fronting of /ow/

33. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 32 The Fronting of /ow/ in Pdx Stacy, 14 ??? Jan, 53 Daisy, 56 Kenneth, 53 Sabrina, 28 Jan, 53 Kenneth, 53

34. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 33 The Canadian Shift

35. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 34 short-o F2 < 1275 Hz. short-a F2 < 1750 Hz. short-e F1 > 650 Hz. The Canadian Shift Robbie, 14 Melissa, 28

36. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 35 “Do You Speak American” –video of examples of regional linguistic variation The website here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/http://www.pbs.org/speak/ Conn article on Portland speech is here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/

37. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 36 Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes  There are many different varieties - what is correct? Standard English is just one of many different varietieswhat is correct  Linguistics try to describe these varieties and all the varieties are equal in linguistics terms  Are other dialects mutually intelligible – here some sounds here from the Northern Cities area: Northern Cities Shift (not #5)Northern Cities Shift

38. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 37 Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes What are the consequences of speaking a non-standard dialect? What is standard American English? Is there a standard pronunciation? Listen to clips from American Tongues – Funny Accents track, Chapter 12 (negative feelings toward southern American), American Tongues Chapter 17, 44:24

39. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 38 Linguistic variation and change  Ethnicity - Chicano English, African American Vernacular English, Native American English; etc.Chicano EnglishAfrican American Vernacular English  AAVE - shares features with other English dialects  Phonological features part of other varieties  Habitual be, copula deletion - more elaborate than standard English  The coffee cold today. (One time event)  The coffee be cold here. (Habitual)

40. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 39 Linguistic variation and change  Ethnicity - African American Vernacular English,African American Vernacular English From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.

41. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 40 Linguistic variation and change – Listen to clips from DYSA  Ethnicity - African American Vernacular English,African American Vernacular English From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.

42. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 41 What does this information mean in terms of Cascadia? How would language form a part of this emerging identity?

43. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 42 Video and Internet Sources: American Tongues video - http://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/american.htmlhttp://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/american.html Nice examples of different American dialects, mostly regional dialects, some profanity, a little outdated, good examples of how every day people feel about dialects Do You Speak American – website and video http://www.pbs.org/speak/http://www.pbs.org/speak/ Nice examples of a lot of different American Englishes, regional differences as well as ethnic differences, linguist viewpoint (very descriptive with little information on attitudes toward language), a little long and not all is relevant, good web resources that can be used with video including teacher’s guide Conn article on Portland accent: http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/ International Dialects of English Archive - http://web.ku.edu/~idea/http://web.ku.edu/~idea/ Great examples of many types of English, a little hard to find some good accent productions (not all speakers have strong regional accents) Project on English in the Pacific NW – http://www.artsci.washington.edu/NWenglish/http://www.artsci.washington.edu/NWenglish/ Site with a lot of information (not created by linguist) - http://aschmann.net/AmEng/http://aschmann.net/AmEng/ Resources

44. Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 43 Some Useful Books: Labov, W. (1994) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical information about language change) Labov, W. (2001) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical but detailed including Labov’s Philadelphia Study.) Milroy, L. and Gordon, M. (2003) Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell. (Good information about field and methodology of sociolinguistics – some technical linguistic knowledge required, not a lot of actual examples) O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2009). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition). Bedford/St. Martin’s. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. (Good descriptions of different accents, focuses on pronunciation, mainly descriptive and not as theoretical as others) *Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. (2006) American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2nd Edition. (Best choice for beginners – assumes some linguistic technical knowledge, many specific examples) Resources