1. Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9

2. Nuclear Chemistry

3. The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms

4. Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

5. Radioactive Nuclei A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes

6. Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

7. Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

8. Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

9. Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei

10. Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture

11. Drill: Name five types of radiation

12. Drill: Name 3 common types of radiation

13. Alpha Particle (  ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small

14. Beta Particle (  ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium

15. Gamma Ray (  ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great

16. Positron (  ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium

17. K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1

18. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4  Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0  Gamma: 0 0  Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e

19. Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

20. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

21. Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

22. Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

23. Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

24. Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles

25. Transmutation Rxns  emission of Pm-142  bombardment of Th-231

26. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 18 & 19 Page: 553

27. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 31 & 35 Page: 1036

28. Transmutation Rxns  emission of  U   followed by two separate  emissions:

29. Transmutation Rxns  bombardment of Th  followed by two separate  emission:

30. Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U  followed by two separate  emission:

31. Predict Products  emission of O-18 followed by a  emission:

32. Predict Products K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

33. Predict Products  absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

34. Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down

35. Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose

36. Decay Rate Rate = kdX/dt ln(X o /X) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life

37. Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through  bombardment followed by  emission.

38. 1st Order Age Dating Formula t = ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693

39. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720 yr

40. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720

41. AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 21 & 22 Page: 553

42. CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 53 & 54 Page: 1037

43. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000300 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720

44. Drill: A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5720 yrs

45. Mass-Energy Relations  E =  mc 2

46. Nuclear Fact The mass of any nuclei is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

47. Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:  E =  mc 2

48. Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to  m of nucleus

49. In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-144 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the  ray

50. Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions

51. Drill: Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.