1. Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9

2. Drill: A statue is electroplated at the cathode using a silver anode in aqueous AgNO 3. Calculate the current required to plate 10.8 g of silver in 5.0 minutes.

3. Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed at 27 o C under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins.

4. Nuclear Chemistry

5. The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms

6. Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved

7. Radioactive Nuclei Nuclei that spontaneously decompose

8. Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number

9. Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but  numbers of neutrons

10. Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope

11. Nuclear Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei

12. Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture

13. Alpha Particle (  ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small

14. Beta Particle (  ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium

15. Gamma Ray (  ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great

16. Positron (  ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium

17. K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1

18. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4  Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0  Gamma: 0 0  Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e

19. Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

20. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus involving the release of energy

21. Drill: Name & describe 3 types of radiation

22. Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy

23. Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy

24. Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another

25. Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed

26. Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns

27. Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by particles

28. Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4  Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0  Gamma: 0 0 

29. Nuclear Symbols Neutron 0 1 n Proton 1 1 p Electron -1 0 e

30. Transmutation Rxns  emission of Pm-142  bombardment of Th-231

31. Transmutation Rxns  emission of  U   followed by two separate  emissions:

32. Transmutation Rxns  bombardment of Th  followed by two separate  emission:

33. Predict Products  emission of O-18 followed by a  emission:

34. Predict Products  absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then  emission

35. Predict Products neutron bombardment of Ta-182 followed by  emission then  emission

36. Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U  followed by two separate  emission:

37. Nuclear Power

38. Nuclear Fission U-235 is the only fissable isotope of uranium 0.71 % of uranium is U-235 99.28 % of uranium is U-238

39. Nuclear Fission Chain reaction can occur only when it reaches critical mass The percentage of U-235 in uranium is too low to form a chain reaction

40. Nuclear Fission To run a power plant, the U-235 needs to be enriched to ~ 2% To make a bomb, the U-235 needs to be enriched to > 70%

41. Nuclear Fission To create a chain reaction, the U-235 % must be increased (enriched) greatly Ultra-centrifugation

43. Nuclear Fission Bomb

44. Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down

45. Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose

47. Decay Rate Rate = k  X/  t ln(X i /X f ) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life

48. 1st Order Age Dating Formula ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =

49. Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730 yr

50. Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730

51. Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through  bombardment followed by  emission.

52. Predict the products in each step when Uranium-234 goes through 5 straight  emissions.

53. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730

54. Mass-Energy Relations  E =  mc 2

55. Nuclear Fact The mass of any nucleus is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons

56. Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using:  E =  mc 2

57. Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to  m of nucleus

58. In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-143 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the  ray

59. Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions

60. A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5730 yrs

61. Know the radioactive particles & their characteristics.

62. Alpha (  ) Beta (  ) Gamma (  )

63. Know how to balance transmutation reactions

64. Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.

65. Know how to perform age dating ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =

66. Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730

67. Know How to Determine Reactions in an Electrolytic Cell

68. 2.0 volts is applied to a system through 2 platinum electrodes in an aqueous solution containing ZnCl 2(aq) & CaBr 2(aq). Calculate: anode, cathode, & total rxns & voltages.

69. Know how to make electroplating calculations.

70. Charge (mass) = current x time coul = amp x sec q = It

71. Saul’s Rule nFm = MWIt

72. Calculate the mass of Al purified from Al 2 O 3 using a current of 96.5 MA for 5.0 hrs.

73. Calculate the time required to plate 1.08 g of silver onto a cathode using a current of 965 mA.