1. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Mark Heron, Head of Control Systems

2. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Describe Orbit Stabilization feedback system applied to Diamond Storage Ring –Requirements –Feedback Process –Feedback Controller –Communication Controller –Computation –Structure –Installation –Performance

3. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Requirements Overall requirement –To stabilise the electron beam in the SR to maximise photons on the experiment sample Detail requirements for Beam Stabilization Feedback System –For the photon beam position to be reproducible fill to fill of SR –To keep the photon beam stable on the sample –To keep the electron beam stable to better than 10% of dimensions in X and Y and 10% opening angle –Over a time scale of 10s mSec to days

4. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Requirements Long term - Years/Months –Ground settling –Season changes Medium - Days/Hours –Sun and Moon –Day-night variations (thermal) –Rivers, rain, water table, wind –Synchrotron radiation –Refills and start-up –Sensor motion –Drift of electronics –Local machinery –Filling patterns Short - Minutes/Seconds –Ground vibrations Traffic, Earth quakes –Power supplies –Injectors –Insertion devices –Air conditioning –Refrigerators/compressors –Water cooling –Beam instabilities in general There are a number of ongoing beam disturbances to suppress

5. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Feedback Process 7 x X and 7 x Y per Cell ( Total of 336) BPM Positions (Sensors) 7x X and 7 x Y per Cell (Total of 336) Corrector Magnets (Actuators)

6. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Feedback Process Orbit feedback is an example of a cross-directional control problem Each sensor and actuator can be reasonably assumed to have the same dynamics The response the linear map from actuator effort to sensor position Regulators [168] Vector Product ΣΣ Vector BPM Setpoints [168] Vector DC Setpoints [168] Inverse Response Matrix Accelerator Vector of BPM Positions[168] Vector of Corr Magnet Values[168]

7. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Feedback Process Orbit Feedback is made up of three parts –Feedback algorithm Maintains required stability –Communication Controller Take data from 168 x 2 BPM monitors distributed over 561m to Computation Nodes –Computation Nodes for feedback algorithm Calculate correction values in real-time Write correction values to the power supplies for the magnets Realise the required performance sample rate Fs=10kHz –All of above in ~100usec

8. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Feedback Controller Response Matrix maps from actuators ( Corrector Magnets) to monitors (BPMs) For Feedback we need to go from monitors (BPMs) to actuators ( Corrector Magnets) Use Signal Value Decomposition of the Response Matrix to get the pseudo Inverse Responsive Matrix This is ill-conditioned hence increases sensitivity to BPMs noise. Apply regularization to scale the singular values in calculating the pseudo-inverse Regularized pseudo Inverse Responsive Matrix gives a robust map from monitors ( BPMs) to actuators (Corrector Magnets) Response Matrix Inverse Response Matrix

9. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System FOFB Latencies / Bandwidth Libera BPM Group delay of FIR: 148 µs Libera BPM Group delay of 2 IIR: <71 µs Distribution of data around ring: 50 µs DMA transfer to CPU: 49 µs Conversion integer to float : 5 µs Matrix multiplication 2*7*168: 4 µs PID controller :1 µs Write into PS controller: 3 µs Total: <331 µs Magnet/chamber estimated to have 500 Hz BW Bandwidth of PS controller currently limits loop (set to 100Hz, but programmable)

10. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Measure the plant open loop characteristic –First order response plus delay At Ts= 100usec the delay ~4 x Ts Orbit Feedback: Feedback Open Loop Response

11. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Feedback Controller Use an Internal Model Controller (IMC) which uses a process model in the feedback loop to remove process effects from the feedback loop IMC gives a single parameter to optimise and leads to better performance and robustness than the traditional controllers (PID) on systems with a delays. Built a model for SISO version of the system, plant model and gain controller Optimised for stability and robustness –Determined by Gain and Phase margins Σ Σ Σ G c Controller G PM Process Model G p Process Y Output Disturbance D U Input on Process R Set Point E Error Internal Model Controller _ _

12. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Communication Controller Requirements for communications –Move the data from 168 BPMs to the Computation nodes in deterministic time Performance –Time budget 50usec Reliability of data transfer –Cope with data loss, but can’t retransmit Resilience to loss of connection(s) or node(s) –Need to recover or resume operation from loss of nodes or connections Considered using standard product or protocols –Reflective memory –MAC/IP/TCP/UDP don’ fit well with above Commercial solutions didn’t meet requirements hence designed the Communication Controller

13. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Communication Controller Each Node is connected to at least 2 other Nodes At start of frame, a Node (Libera BPM unit) forwards its data on each link All data received on any input link forwarded once on all outputs Same basic design used inside Libera BPM and inside Computation Node receiver Low latency, high reliability communication network. Utilise the available Xilinx FPGA Rocket IO interface on Libera BPM. Designed a packet forwarding Communication Controller in VHDL

14. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Communication Controller Packet payload (20 Bytes) 32 bit ID, time frame count, status, flags 32 bit x-Position [nm] 32 bit y-Position [nm] 32 bit BPM Sum 32 bit Time Stamp [nsec] SOP20 Bytes dataCRC32EOPidle Packet Framing (10 Bytes) 16 bit SOP 32 bit CRC32 16 bit EOP 16 bit idle Define communication packet 30 bytes Bit rate of 2.5Gbps gives link speed incl. 8b/10b = 250MB/s Packet transmission time for 30 Byte @ 250MB/s = 120ns Minimal total transmission time 2 planes (168 * 120nsec) = 20.16us

15. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Click to start Click to finish BPM 1 DATA COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA BPM 2 DATABPM 3 DATABPM 4 DATA COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA Communication Frame No 1

16. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Communication Frame No 2 Click to start Click to finish COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA BPM 1 DATABPM 2 DATABPM 3 DATABPM 4 DATA

17. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Click to start Click to finish COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA Communication Frame No 3 BPM 1 DATABPM 2 DATABPM 3 DATABPM 4 DATA

18. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Click to start Click to finish COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA COMPUTE NODE ALL BPM DATA Communication Frame No 4 BPM 1 DATABPM 2 DATABPM 3 DATABPM 4 DATA

19. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Communication Controller Computation Node BPM Monitors One Cell Actual network is connected as Torus Data distribution < 40usec Robust to loss of link(s) or node(s) –With loss of links or nodes the propagation delay increases but with 50usec budget.

20. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Computation Data move from Communication Controller interface into processor memory Computation aspects breaks down into 3 parts –Mapping from monitor to actuator space Matrix multiplication –Appling the IMC regulator Realised as a 5 th order IIR on each of 168 x 2 actuator inputs Multiply accumulate –Appling rate of change limiter and bounds checking to preserve the beam and enable smooth starting and stopping Logic and arithmetic Data move from processor to Power Supplies.

21. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Computation Use MVME5500 for embeded VME Systems Features –1GHz MHz MPC7455 PowerPC Processor –Cache 32K L1, 256K L2, 2 MB L3 –Gigabit Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Port –Two PCI 64-bit/66 MHz PMC-Sockets To interface Communication Controller AltiVec Coprocessor –Fixed-length vector operation –Single Instruction Multiple Data –Optimized for digital signal processing Multiply, Multiply-accumulate –2.2 Gigaflops/sec Use VxWorks as RTOS

22. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Computation 168 Correctors Inverse Response Matrix BPM = * 168 7 Correctors Sub Matrix of Inverse Response Matrix BPM = * Using AltiVec processor –Full Response Matrix x2 multiplication take 96 usec Partition the problem –Calculate 1/24 th of the corrector values ie one Cells worth in 4usec –Regulation takes 1usec on PPC processor But requires 24 processors boards –Fits well with the distributed nature of the problem

23. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Processor Controls Network PS VME crate eBPM Cell -m Cell -n Cell +n Cell +m Orbit Feedback: Structure (one of 24 cells) 14 Corrector PSUs PSU 1PSU 14 PSU IF … Event Network FB Processor PMC Rocket IO Event Rx

24. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Installation (one of 24 cells) Computation Node Corrector power supplies BPM Monitors

25. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Controller Performance

26. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Performance 60mA Suppression of beam motion

27. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Orbit Feedback: Performance

28. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Communications Controller Availability The Diamond Communication controller is now being used on Soleil, Delta and ESRF Its available from Diamond (without support) or from ITech as an option on the Libera BPM with commercail support

29. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Acknowledgement This is the work of many people. Including Diamond Control Systems Group, Steven Duncan (Oxford University), Leo Breuss (Super Computing Systems) and others.

30. 22/4/2009 Mark Heron Diamond Light Source Beam Stabilization Feedback System Questions?