1. Socialization and the Life Course Chapter 4

2. Socialization Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self-image

3. Hardwiring Cultural Transmission Enculturation Personality

4. Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development – Isabelle and Genie – Primate Studies

5. Genie’s Sketch Source: Curtiss 1977:274.

6. Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model Id – the human being’s basic drives Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society Superego – the operation of culture within the individual

7. Mead: Theory of the Self Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

8. George Herbert Mead Stages of self 1 st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around them 2 nd stage – Play stage- role taking – mentally assuming the perspective of another 3 rd stage – Game stage- can consider tasks and relationships simultaneously

9. Charles Horton Cooley Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others Imagine how we are presenting ourselves Imagine how people are evaluating us Form opinions about ourselves based on our perceptions

10. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development 1 st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact 2 nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols

11. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development Stage 3 – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings Stage 4 – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically

12. Goffman: Presentation of the Self Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences – Also known as dramaturgical approach – Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

13. Erik Erikson 8 stages of development Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust Stage 2 - Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt and shame Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness vs. inferiority

14. Erik Erikson Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs. isolation Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – Making a difference vs. Self-absorption Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair

15. Agents of Socialization Family School Peer groups Mass media and technology

16. Targeted Socialization Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment Total Institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority