1. Antifouling Polymeric coating for implantable cardiac devices HridhayCoeur

2. Mechanical Heart Valve Preferred Prosthetic heart valve for 70,000 patients Approximately US$754.3 million of the healthcare market share

3. Drawbacks in Current Mechanical Heart Valve Pannus Formation Dislocation of heart valves Obstructive Thrombus formation

4. Drawbacks in Current Mechanical Heart Valve

5. Drawbacks in Current Mechanical Valves OutcomeMechanical valve Overall survival43 % Likelihood of structural failure Negligible Likelihood of periprosthetic valve leaks 17 % Risk of bleeding42 %

6. Needs Statement “To find a method to improve the biocompatibility of mechanical heart valve replacement devices, hence reducing the post-operative complications”

7. Ultralow Fouling Polymers Polymers containing acidic open ring structures such as Carboxylates or zwitterions Ultralow fouling defined as less than 5 ng cm -2 of fibrinogen adhesion onto surface Attachment of these polymers can be through self assembly on the substrate, plasma modification or using catechols. Action of the polymer is by the resistance and repulsion of proteins through the charge rich carboxylates or the zwitterions.

8. CB-OH Modified from Manipulating Sticky and Non-Sticky Properties in a Single Material,Cao et al.,Smart Materials Carboxylate ring with addition of –OH group to enhance the anti-fouling effect Stable in pH 7-pH 10 with optimal stability at pH7.6 Single protein adhesion undetectable ( <0.3 ng cm -2 ) Fibrinogen and Platelet adhesion is 3.1±1.0 ng cm -2 Zwitterionic effect enhances anti-fouling by repelling other micro-organisms, cells and bacteria Potential anti-thrombotic applications for implantable medical devices Structure of polymer allows coating mechanisms such as Atom transfer radical Polymerization or Plasma deposition of polymer