1. Confined Space Entry Training OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146

2. Overview of Training
Identifying Confined Spaces- Permit and Non-Permit
Employee Responsibilities
Hazards
Entering the Space- What should be done?

3. What is a Confined Space?
A space that:
Is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter bodily and perform work;
Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
Is not designed for continuous human occupancy

4. Examples of Confined Spaces:
Tanks
Manholes
Boilers
Furnaces
Sewers
Silos
Hoppers
Vaults
Pipes
Trenches
Tunnels
Ducts
Bins
Pits

5. Permit-Required Confined Space
A Permit-Required Confined Space is a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:
Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could become trapped or asphyxiated; or
Contains any other serious safety or health hazard

6. Non-Permit Confine Space
A confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm
Example- Underground tunnels

7. Employee Responsibilities
The entrant is the person who enters a confined space
The attendant is the person who stays with the entrant
outside the confined space, and is responsible for assisting
the entrant in exiting the confined space, and calling for
emergency assistance when required
The safety representative is the person who
evaluates the hazards, prescribes precautions and issues the Confined Space Entry Permit

8. Hazards of Confined Spaces
Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Flammable Atmospheres
Toxic Atmospheres
Temperature Extremes
Engulfment Hazards
Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects

9. Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
% Decreased ability to work strenuously Impair coordination. Early symptoms
12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment
10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue
8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea Unconsciousness. Vomiting
6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal minutes - possible recovery
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death

10. Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
Oxygen level above 23%.
Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited
Never use pure oxygen to ventilate
Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space

11. Flammable Atmospheres
Critical Factors:
Oxygen content in the air
Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
Typical Ignition Sources:
Sparking or electric tool
Welding / cutting operations
Smoking

12. Toxic Atmospheres Product stored in a confined space:
Gases released when cleaning
Materials absorbed into walls of confined space
Decomposition of materials in the confined space
Work performed in a confined space:
Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering
Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing
Sealing, bonding, melting
Areas adjacent to a confined space

13. Hydrogen Sulfide Decomposition of materials
Rotten egg odor at low concentrations
Possibly no warning at high concentrations
PPM Effect Time
10 ppm Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
Mild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 Hour
Significant Irritation 1 Hour
Unconsciousness, Death 1/2 - 1 Hour
>1000 Unconsciousness, Death Minutes

14. Carbon Monoxide Odorless, Colorless Gas Combustion By-Product
Quickly collapse at high concentrations
PPM Effect Time
50 Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour
Confusion, nausea, headache 2 Hours
Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours
Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.
Unconsciousness 30 Min.

15. Temperature Extremes Extremely hot or cold temperatures
Steam cleaning of confined spaces
Humidity factors
Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature extremes
Personal protective equipment

16. Engulfment Hazards
Loose, granular materials stored in bins and hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
Flooding of confined space
Water or sewage flow

17. Other Hazards Noise Slick / Wet Surfaces Falling Objects
Amplified due to acoustics within the space
Damaged hearing, affect communication
Slick / Wet Surfaces
Slips and falls
Increased chance of electric shock
Falling Objects
Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects

18. Entering a Confined Space Starts with Testing the Atmosphere and Filling out a Permit

19. Testing The Atmosphere
Verify presence of safe work atmosphere
Test all areas of a confined space
Carbon Monoxide is the same as air
Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air
Oxygen Deficiency

20. Permit Written permit filled out
Verifies pre-entry precautions have been taken and the space is safe to enter
Posted at entry to confined space
Specifies apparent hazards and corrective actions taken prior to entry
Requires termination of permit when task is completed or when new conditions exist

21. Permit Date, location, and name of confined space
Purpose of entry and known hazards
Duration of entry permit time
Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors
Air testing results - signature of tester
Protective measures to be taken
Ventilation, Isolation, Flushing
Lockout / Tagout, Purging

22. Permit Name and phone numbers of rescue and emergency services
Communication procedures
Special equipment and procedures
Personal protective equipment
Rescue equipment
Respirators

23. Ventilation First option to correct problems
Must be aware of hazards you are trying to correct in the confined space
Continuous ventilation whenever possible
Retest the confined space before entry

24. Isolation Locking and tagging out electrical sources
Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and hydraulic lines
Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts
Securing mechanical parts
Blanking sewer and water flow
Locking and tagging out shutoff valves

25. Respirators Air-Purifying Respirators Air-Supplying Respirators
Filter dangerous substances from the air.
Must know the type and amount of hazardous substance present in the confined space.
NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!
Air-Supplying Respirators
Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank or an uncontaminated area nearby.
Must be adequately monitored.

26. Confined Space Entry
A means must be provided for both safe normal entry or exit , and emergency
extrication. Tripods with hoist, lifeline, and full body harness are often used for emergency extrication. Ladders may be
used for ordinary entry and exit.

27. Confined Space Entry
Barriers to prevent passers-by and the curious from falling into the opening must be put in place
Holes and openings must be closed or guarded when not attended
Place warning signs where pedestrians can see them

28. Confined Space Entry
Should conditions develop which require extrication, and the entrant cannot get out of the confined space on their own, the attendant must call for emergency assistance at once

29. Confined Space Entry
The attendant should attempt to remove the entrant from the confined space using tripods, hoist, and lifelines. Attendants are NOT TO ENTER CONFINED SPACES. Lethal hazards may be present within the confined space. Only properly equipped and trained emergency rescue personnel may enter confined spaces to make rescues.

30. Summary of Entry Atmosphere is tested
If problems are found, countermeasures are taken to eliminate them
Permit is issued
If an emergency arises during entry the attendant should call for emergency assistance and try to extricate the entrant

31. Training and Education
All workers who must enter confined spaces
All attendants and rescue team members
Prior to initial work assignment
Retraining:
Job duties change
Change in permit-space program
New hazards are present

32. Questions?