1. tpp1104-anglais - D1 -01/09/2000 The Networks evolution and its impact on Power Supplies Max Hubert René RevolPhillip Willis Schneider ElectricConsultingCIAC 160, avenue des Martyrs11, rue des Cerisiers18, rue Joseph Bara 38050 Grenoble Cedex 991160 Longjumeau92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux max_hubert@mail.schneider.frrene.revol@wanadoo.frpwillis@ciac.fr

2. tpp1104-anglais - D2 - 01/09/2000 Plan of the presentation è The evolution of supply interfaces è Its impact on supply chains è The arrival of new technology è The simplification of installations è Ready to use technical solutions è The increasing interest towards cogeneration è Conclusion

3. tpp1104-anglais - D3 - 01/09/2000 The evolution of supply interfaces è Existing Equipment ‡ Direct current (48V) : 90 % consumption ‡ Alternating current (230V) : 10 % consumption è Factors affecting evolution ‡ increasing needs for alternating current ‡ reduced demand of power required ‡ enlargement of working temperature range: 5 à 40 °C è Progressive standardisation towards 230V/50Hz ‡ integration of rectifiers in the systems ‡ reduction in the use of the 48V bus in equipment ‡ massive introduction of servers, routers, modems, …

4. tpp1104-anglais - D4 - 01/09/2000 Hybrid Supply Chain  Since the end of the 1970’s Its impact on supply chains (1/2) No back up Back up HV/LV GS Miscellaneous Energy room Equipment’s room Uninterrupted 230 V/50 Hz Power supply interfaces Air cond. REC BAT = ~ = ~ INV 48 V LV N/B ~ M Telecom equipments

5. tpp1104-anglais - D5 - 01/09/2000 Its impact on supply chains (2/2) Double Supply Chain  for evolving needs No back up Back up HV/LV GS Miscellaneous Energy room Power supply interfaces Air cond. REC BAT = ~ 48 V ~ M Uninterrupted 230 V/50 Hz ~ ~ UPS LV N/B Equipment ’s room Telecom equipment

6. tpp1104-anglais - D6 - 01/09/2000 The arrival of new technology (1/5) High Speed Turbo-Alternators è Conception ‡ Suppression of gear box (alternator > 56 000 rpm) ‡ Rotor without windings ‡ Reversibility of alternator (starting of the turbine) è Qualities ‡ Mechanical Simplicity = reliability ‡ High Kinetic Energy (stability in frequency) ‡ Environmental Respect (noise, exhaust emissions NOX, CO, …) ‡ Reduced Maintenance ‡ Long Life technology è Constraint  generator of direct current

7. tpp1104-anglais - D7 - 01/09/2000 The arrival of new technology (2/5) High Speed Turbo-Alternators è In France : realization by CIAC Direct coupling of the turbine and the alternator ‡ Turbine 160 kVA (length: 520 mm; diameter: 420 mm; masse: 32 kg) ‡ Alternator 160 kVA (length: 345 mm; diameter: 248 mm; masse: 68 kg)

8. tpp1104-anglais - D8 - 01/09/2000 The arrival of new technology (3/5) High Speed Turbo-Alternators è Principal of voltage regulation ‡ e = - d  /dt = n  Bm S sin  t ‡ f =  /2  = 2N (rotation per second) = 1 867 Hz

9. tpp1104-anglais - D9 - 01/09/2000 The arrival of new technology (4/5) Fuel Cells è Stationary Fuel Cells: accelerated development ‡ Low Temperature Models : PEMFC, PAFC (80 to 200 °C) ‡ High Temperature Models : MCFC, SOFC (600 to 1000 °C) l Qualities ‡ High electrical efficiency ‡ No moving parts (silent operation) ‡ Negligible polluting Emissions (CO, NOX, …) l Constraint ‡ Generator of direct current ‡ Costs too high Natural Gas Warm Water Exhaust Hydrogen Air Water and heat Reformer Cells Direct current Natural gas fuel cells

10. tpp1104-anglais - D10 - 01/09/2000 The arrival of new technology (5/5) Fuel Cells In France  Schneider Electric + Air Liquide + De Nora European technology of type PEMFC On going Developments 1) Industrial Application: Electrical Generator “FC-STAT 200 kWe” (Uses hydrogen released by chemical process and connecting to the grid) 2) Cogeneration Application: Electrical Generator “PLUS PAC 50 kWe” (primary supply is LPG and a deposit of store hydrogen)

11. tpp1104-anglais - D11 - 01/09/2000 The simplification of installations (1/2) Simplified supply chain ASCETE (Patent France Télécom / Cnet n°98/01845 of 16/02/98) Energy room Equipment’s room No back up Miscellaneous HV/LV Charge Uninterrupted Power supply interfaces Air cond. 230 V/50 Hz Telecom equipments ~ ~ RS UPS Start Tertiary

12. tpp1104-anglais - D12 - 01/09/2000 The simplification of installations (2/2) è Concept Source Replacement (SR)  Turbo-alternator HV or Fuel Cell ‡ UPS maintains supply and assure the start-up of SR ‡ SR directly recharges the batteries of the UPS è Technical Advantages ‡ Modularity and redundancy (direct current) ‡ Reliability: simplified realisation è Economic Advantages ‡ Suppression: inverter Normal/back-up, dedicated start-up system, synchronised connection with cogeneration è Proposition  Reduced power of SR (lower costs + cogeneration) ‡ alternating current no back-up (tertiary usage) ‡ alternating current uninterrupted (sensitive equipment

13. tpp1104-anglais - D13 - 01/09/2000 Ready to use technical solutions Compact soundproofed metal casings (standard ISO) Easily transportable equipment (Land, Sea, Air) Integration of UPS and Turbo-Alternator in a light metal shelter (P  1MWe)

14. tpp1104-anglais - D14 - 01/09/2000 The increasing interest towards cogeneration (1/2) ElectricalThermalGlobal Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Gas Turbine 0,300,550,85 Gas Engine0,350,500,85 Fuel Cell0,450,400,85 Spread of primary energy consumed (Source Schematic CEGIBAT/Gaz de France) Natural gas cogeneration  rational and efficient solution

15. tpp1104-anglais - D15 - 01/09/2000 The increasing interest towards cogeneration (2/2) è The reasons for its development: ‡ supports environmental politics  high global efficiency ‡ masters individual consumption of energy  reduced energy costs for the client ‡ opens markets of electricity and gas  favours decentralised energy production ‡ evolution of legislation in favour of natural gas  same equipment for backup as for cogeneration ‡ multiplication of mixed usage buildings  uses for local heating ‡ arrival of turbo-alternators, and then fuel cells  reduction in environmental constraints and maintainance

16. tpp1104-anglais - D16 - 01/09/2000 Conclusion è Double mutation of energy supply ‡ imposed by the convergence of networks IP/Voice/data ‡ resulting from the competition between technologies è Development of small cogeneration in multi-purpose buildings ‡ with turbo-alternators HV (in final phase of development) ‡ with fuel cells (for the next decade)