1. APUSH

2.  Articles existed from 1781-1787  Federal government didn’t have the powers necessary to deal with foreign nations  US could not regulate trade (hurt the economy) or maintain military outposts on the western frontier  Economic depression stemmed from inability to pay war debts  States competed with each other economically and placed tariffs on goods traded between states

3.  Hosted by Washington at his home, Mt Vernon  Representatives from four states agreed on a meeting in which all states needed to discuss the problems with the federal government  Only 5 states would attend the Annapolis meeting in 1786  James Madison and Alexander Hamilton convinced the others that another meeting should be held in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of the Confederation

4.  55 white men, well-educated, and relatively wealthy  Average age was early 40s  George Washington was elected chairperson of the convention  Benjamin Franklin unified the group  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson oversaw the construction of the Constitution  Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry did not participate in the convention

5.  Representation: large states wanted greater representation than smaller states in Congress. The Great Compromise established the Senate and the House of Representatives which made both large and small states happy  Slavery: Three-fifths Compromise would solved the problem of how to count slaves in the states. Also promised to vote to abolish slavery in 20 years.

6.  Trade: Commercial Compromise gave the central government power to regulate interstate and foreign trade, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but it prohibited the central government from taxing exports  Powers and Election of the President: set presidents term to 4 years, gave the power of veto, and established the Electoral College because they feared too much democracy would create mob rule

7.  Sept 17, 1787 after 17 weeks of debate, the Philadelphia convention approved a draft of the Constitution  9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution in order for it to become law  Each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the Constitution

8.  Federalists: supported the Constitution and a strong federal government  Anti-federalists: opposed the Constitution because they feared a strong, central government  Federalist tended to be from New England and the Atlantic coast, were wealthy and well educated  Anti-federalists tended to be from rural areas and most were small farmers

9.  Leaders: Washington, Franklin, Madison, and Hamilton  Arguments: Strong central government was needed to maintain order  Strategy: emphasized weaknesses of the Articles, said opponents had no solutions  Advantages: strong leaders, well organized  Disadvantages: Constitution was new and untried, lacked a bill of rights

10.  Leaders: Patrick Henry and John Hancock  Arguments: Strong central government would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states’ rights  Strategy: Argued the Constitution contained no protection for individual rights, gave the central government more power than the British ever had  Advantages: appealed to popular distrust of the government due to the colonial experience  Disadvantages: poorly organized, slow to respond

11.  Series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay  Published by a New York newspaper  Gave valid reasons for each major provision of the Constitution  Key to the Federalist campaign and won many to their side

12.  Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania were the first 3 states to ratify the Constitution  After Federalists promised to add a “bill of rights” more populous states, such as Virginia, followed  By May 1790 all 13 states ratified the Constitution

13.  Most believed a Bill of Rights was the only way to protect citizens from the government  Others argued that citizens did not need to be protected in a democracy  In 1789, Congress adopted 10 amendments to the Constitution to protect personal liberties  These 10 amendments have become known as the Bill of Rights

14.  1 st : Freedom of religion, press, assembly, petition, and speech  2 nd : Right to keep and bear arms  3 rd : Cannot be required to house troops in private homes during peace time  4 th : No unreasonable searches or seizures  5 th : Due process, testify against oneself, double jeopardy  6 th : Right to a speedy and public trial  7 th : Right to a trial by jury

15.  8 th : No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment  9 th : Any rights not specifically mentioned are also protected  10 th : Powers not delegated to the federal government belong to the states or the people  YOU MUST KNOW THESE AMENDMENTS!!!

16.  Washington’s first task as President was to organize the executive branch  Appointed Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Henry Knox as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as Attorney General  These men formed the Cabinet, or advisors to the president

17.  The Supreme Court is the only Federal court mentioned in the Constitution  Congress was given the power to create other federal courts  Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court with one Chief Justice and five associate justices  Supreme Court would decide the Constitutionality of decisions made by state courts  The act also provided a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal

18.  Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, had a plan to fix the financial problems of the new nation  Hamilton proposed:  Pay off national debt at face value and have the fed government assume the war debts of the states  Protect the young nations industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods  Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes to provide a stable basis for American currency

19.  Plan was mostly supported by Northern merchants who would gain directly from tariffs  Anti-federalists feared it gave the central government too much power  Thomas Jefferson opposed it because it did not favor small farmers who were in debt  Jefferson finally agreed to Hamilton’s plan after Hamilton promised to create the nation’s new capital in the South (Virginia,Maryland)

20.  Congress finally adopted three of Hamilton’s idea with a few changes  Debt: US would pay off war debt and assume the debts of the states  Tariffs and excise taxes: Congress set tariffs lower than Hamilton had hoped for, Hamilton convinced them to place excise taxes on items like whiskey  National Bank: chartered by the Federal government but privately owned

21.  Americans supported the French Revolution but were horrified by reports of mass hysteria and executions  US-French alliance was still in effect even though it had been signed with the French Monarchy  Jefferson sympathized with the French  Britain was seizing American ships bound for French ports  Jefferson felt like the US should join France in a war against Britain

22.  President Washington did not believe the US was strong enough to fight a war in Europe  In 1793, Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality regarding the British and the French Revolution  Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in disagreement with Washington’s order  “Citizen” Genet, the French minister to the US, appealed to the American people for help, very outrageous at the time  Washington tried to get France to take Edmond Genet back, but Genet remained in the US and eventually became a citizen

23.  John Jay was now Chief Justice  Washington sent him to Britain to talk them out of seizing American ships and “impressing” those captured into the British navy  After a year, Jay brought back a treaty that said the British would evacuate its posts on the American frontier  It said nothing about seizing ships or “impressing”  Very unpopular but kept the US at peace

24.  Spain saw the Jay Treaty as a sign of union between Britain and the US  Spain was a long time enemy of Britain  Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain, negotiated a treaty with Spain which opened the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade  Treaty also settled the argument of Florida’s northern border

25.  American settlers continued to push westward, encroaching on native lands  Americans believed the British were supplying the Native Americans with weapons  In 1794 the US army led by Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native American peoples at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio  Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans surrender their land in the Ohio territory and promised to open it up to settlement

26.  In western PA, farmers refused to pay an excise tax on whiskey  Farmers attacked revenue collectors instead of paying the tax  Washington federalized 15,000 militiamen and placed them under Hamilton’s orders  This put down the Whiskey Rebellion without bloodshed on either side  Showed the new national government was strong enough to enforce it’s laws

27.  US gained vast amounts of land through the Jay Treaty and the Treaty of Greenville  Public Land Act in 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal land at reasonable prices  New states began to be added and the process went smoothly  1791 Vermont  1792 Kentucky  1796 Tennessee

28.  Political parties began to form around two leading figures: Hamilton and Jefferson  Hamilton: Federalists, favored in northeast, wanted the federal government to grow  Jefferson: Democratic-Republicans, favored in south and west, wanted states’ rights to be more powerful than the federal government  By 1796, the parties were beginning to take shape and become more organized

29. FederalistsDemocratic-Republicans  Leaders: Adams, Hamilton  Constitution: strong central government  Foreign policy: Pro-British  Military policy: large peacetime army and navy  Domestic policy: aid business, national banks, tariffs  Chief supporters: northern businessmen, large landowners  Leaders: Jefferson, Madison  Constitution: weak central government  Foreign policy: Pro-French  Military policy: small peacetime army and navy  Domestic policy: agriculture, no national bank, no tariffs  Chief supporters: skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners

30.  Washington warned against  Not to get involved in European affairs  Against the United States making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs  Not to form political parties  To avoid sectionalism

31.  This Democratic-Republican president tried to win Federalist supporters by maintaining Hamilton’s financial program  Reduced the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise tax, and lowered the national debt  He appointed only Democratic-Republicans to Cabinet positions to avoid disunion

32.  Most important event in Jefferson’s first term  France had regained the Louisiana Territory from Spain in 1800  Napoleon Bonaparte hoped to re-establish the French empire in America  By 1803, Bonaparte had become disinterested in the territory due to problems with the British and in Santo Domingo (Haiti)  Jefferson felt uncomfortable as long as a European country controlled the port of New Orleans

33.  Jefferson sent ministers to France to offer to purchase New Orleans and a small piece of land east of the city  If the French didn’t want to sell, the ministers were instructed to travel to Britain to forge an alliance with the British  Napoleon's ministers needed money to fund a war so they offered not only to sell New Orleans but the entire Louisiana Territory  The American ministers accepted the offer and paid $15 million for the land

34.  Jefferson wasn’t sure if the purchase was constitutional  The Constitution did not state anything about purchasing land  Jefferson said it was in his power to make treaties and so made the purchase legal  The Senate quickly ratified the treaty  The majority of Americans strongly supported the Louisiana Purchase

35.  The purchase more than doubled the size of the US  Jefferson hoped the new land would turn the US into an agricultural society instead of Hamilton’s vision of industry and commerce  Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new land in 1804. They achieved the following:  Increased knowledge on the geography  Improved relations with Native Americans  Created maps and routes for future settlement

36.  Federal courts were still full of Federalists due to earlier appointments by Washington and Adams  Marshall, Jefferson’s cousin, would cause Jefferson the most trouble during his presidency  Marshall would be Chief Justice for 34 years and would influence the court like Washington had influenced the presidency

37.  The case was over federal appointments that Jefferson was trying to stop  William Marbury sued to have his appointment reinstated  Marbury’s case went to the Supreme Court for review in 1803  Marshall ruled that Marbury did have the right to have his job reinstated but in the same ruling, he said the law that gave Marbury his job, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional

38.  Marshall said the Judiciary Act gave the court more power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed  By ruling a law of Congress “unconstitutional” Marshall established the doctrine of “judicial review”  Judicial Review: power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution  The Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other branches

39.  Jefferson tried other methods to get rid of Federalists in government positions  Jefferson suspended the Alien and Sedition Acts and released those jailed by the law  Jefferson also pushed for the impeachment of judges  The impeachment campaign didn’t result in many removals but it did make judges more cautious

40.  Jefferson was re-elected by a landslide in 1804  Aaron Burr, Jefferson first term VP, was not re-elected  Burr set out on several bizarre ventures  Burr first wanted to become governor of New York, unite New York with the New England states, and then secede from the Union  Burr was defeated in the election and the conspiracy disintegrated

41.  Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel because of an insulting comment Hamilton reportedly made toward Burr  Burr fatally shot Hamilton in 1804 and became the enemy of many  Burr then plotted to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with the Louisiana Territory under his rule  Jefferson had him arrested for treason but he was found “not guilty” because Chief Justice Marshall said there was not enough evidence

42.  Pirates from the African coast were attempting to seize American cargo  Washington and Adams had been paying the leaders of these pirates to protect American ships  One of these leaders, the Pasha of Tripoli, demanded more money from Jefferson  Instead of paying, Jefferson sent the US navy to the Mediterranean which resulted in sporadic fighting over several years  The US gained respect and protected it’s trading vessels

43.  France and Britain were blockaded each other due to the Napoleonic Wars  Britain would seize American ships and “impress” the sailors into the British navy  In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the American warship Chesapeake which killed 3 Americans. 4 others were captured and “impressed” by the British  Jefferson was able to respond to the crisis through diplomacy and economic pressure

44.  This measure prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port  Jefferson hoped that the British would stop violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose the US trade  The embargo act backfired and hurt the US more than the British  Act caused an economic depression so bad that the New England states actually considered seceding from the Union  In 1809, Jefferson called for the repeal of the Embargo Act during the last days of his presidency

45.  James Madison is elected to his 2 nd term in 1812  Americans still upset with Britain’s policy of seizing American ships and “impressing” American sailors  British had aided the Shawnee during the Battle of Tippecanoe. Battle led by Tecumseh and the Prophet  “War Hawk” congressmen pushed for war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance  Madison finally asks Congress to declare war

46.  Madison’s strategy: 1) hope for Napoleon's victory in Europe, 2) successful invasion of Canada  Invasion of Canada: Poorly equipped army tried to invade Canada several times but were easily defeated by British  Naval Battles: US warship Constitution defeated British warship, American privateers continued to attack British shipping, and British conducted a successful blockade of US coast

47.  Naval Battles: US victories on Lake Erie, Thames River (Detroit), and Lake Champlain kept the British from invading New York  Napoleon was defeated in Europe  British burn the White House, Capitol, and other buildings in 1814  Southern campaign, led by Andrew Jackson, was successful for the Americans  Treaty of Ghent: 1814 ended the war  Neither side gained anything from the war

48.  New England states had come close to seceding from the Union during the war  Delegates voted against secession but wanted to make it more difficult to go to war in the future  Adopted a proposal which called for a 2/3 vote of both houses to declare war  War ended shortly after the Convention, many who attended were considered unpatriotic

49.  Caused by the Second Bank of the United States which had tightened credit in order to control inflation  Major economic depression, most severe in western states  Banks closed, value of money deflated, many were unemployed, bankruptcies rose, and many were placed in debtors prisons.  Changed the political views of many living in western states

50.  Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1800 by Federalist president John Adams  Consistently favored the central government  Said federal government had strong and flexible powers  Need to know:  Marbury v. Madison 1803: judicial review  McCulloch v. Maryland 1819: set precedent for implied powers and ruled federal laws supreme to state laws

51.  Missouri wanted to become a state, first from the territory purchased during the Louisiana Purchase  Missouri wanted to be a slave state, would have created unbalanced number of free/slave states  Clay’s Missouri Compromise: 1) MO slave state, 2) ME free state, 3) slavery prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana territory  Highlighted the problem of nationalism vs. sectionalism

52.  Powers like Russia, Spain, and Italy were interested in strengthening or establishing colonies in the western hemisphere  Dec. 2, 1823 President James Monroe issued his “Monroe Doctrine”  Doctrine states European powers were not to interfere in the western hemisphere  Monroe Doctrine will become more significant in later years when the US uses it to justify foreign policy