1. Transactions Among Early Reading Development and Individual and Environmental Conditions: Marnie C. Ginsberg NRC 2007 A Case Study

2. “[R]eading disability may be approached from the perspective of the neurophysiologist interested in brain processes; from the perspective of the cognitive psychologist interested in isolating information-processing functions that explain reading ability; and from the perspective of the social-constructivist theorist interested in how social structures define, support, and suppress certain literacy acts based on the social value assigned to various activities. The issue of contention is whether the views deriving from the different perspectives can be integrated” (Stanovich, 1999, pp. vii-viii). Rationale

3. transactional perspective, “in which is asserted the right to see together, extensionally and durationally, much that is talked about conventionally as if it were composed of irreconcilable separates” (p. 120). Dewey and Bentley (1949) popularized the importance of the

4. Research Question #1 For a struggling first-grade reader, what are the transactions among –a child’s reading instructional level, –selected reading sub-processes, –selected reading-related cognitions, –reading motivation, and –classroom behavior; –and –individual and classroom reading instruction?

5. Research Question #2 Do the transactions vary over time within the context of the Targeted Reading Intervention (TRI)?

6. Transactional Model of Early Reading Development

7. Theories Under Girding the Transactional Model of Early Reading Development Cognition: Share’s Self- Teaching Hypothesis Explaining Cumulative Effects: Stanovich’s Matthew Effects Motivation: Guthrie’s Reading as Engagement The Relational: Literacy via the teacher-child relationship (Pianta) Child Teacher

8. Design Case study March-May 2006 One first-teacher One first-grade struggling reader Part of an on-going study of the Targeted Reading Intervention (TRI), an I.E.S. funded 5-year project –Rural schools –Literacy –K-1 Struggling readers –Professional development

9. Design Child assessments Teacher questionnaires Teacher and child interviews –3 times across the study Observations of individual and classroom instruction –11 observations of TRI sessions over time –3 observation of classroom literacy instruction across the study

10. Context A rural, southeastern, low-wealth school Mrs. McBride Cierra Targeted Reading Intervention (TRI)

11. TRI framework Re-Reading for Fluency (~2+ minutes) Word Work (~8+ minutes) Guided Oral Reading (~5+ minutes) TRI Extensions

12. Analysis Followed the theoretical propositions Two modes of analysis: –Time series analysis –Explanation building (Yin, 2003)

13. Example Data Analysis Word Table—Time Point 3 Reading Sub- Process Reading Cognition Reading Motivations Behavior Teacher- Student Relation Individual Instruction Classroom Instruction Phonological and Orthographic Development T-BEST Phonological Awareness CTOPP * Rapid Naming CTOPP * Reading Involvement Interview Distractibility ESTC Teacher Conflict with Child ESTC Instructional Match Observations Phoneme Segmentation DIBELS Observations Teacher Closeness with Child ESTC Instructional Support Observations Hostility ESTC Individual Observations Emotional Support Observations Emotional Support Observations Phonological Decoding DIBELS Vocabulary Knowledge PPVT – III* Reading Self- Efficacy Interview Observations TRI Fidelity Observations Comprehensive Literacy Instruction Observations Independence ESTC Fluency DIBELS Observations Class Observations Other Observations Other Observations Phonics Knowledge Sight-Word Reading Language Comprehension Observations Reading Importance Interview Observations Considerateness ESTC Observations Other Motivation Observations Other Behaviors Observations * CTOPP & PPVT-III measured prior to initiation of study.

14. Findings Transactions Over Time

15. Early March: Dysfunctional system of transactions Cierra as a reader –Pre-primer instructional level (QRI-III) –Low phonological awareness –Moderately low phonics knowledge –Poor at phonologically decoding –High sight word knowledge –Low vocabulary knowledge –Little reading practice –Low reading self-efficacy

16. Early March: Dysfunctional system of transactions Cierra as a student –Unable to succeed with classroom reading activities –Distractible, hyperactive –Behavior challenge for teacher -- “I don’t know what to do with her” (Interview, March 9) –“She was truly a challenge. She and I struggled as far as a relationship….I did not know at what moment when she came in the classroom what that day was going to be like. And if she was just going to snap and…lose it—what she was going to do? She was very unpredictable and very unstable with her emotions and her relationship with me” (Interview, July 6).

17. Early March: Dysfunctional system of transactions Instructional and Emotional Support –Whole-class instruction, above Cierra’s reading performance –Top third of class frequently supply answers –Few positive teacher-child instructional or emotional exchanges –Mostly reprimands for mis-behavior –“She was not independent at all. She…was very frustrated. She did not attempt the work that she did not know. She did not want to try” (Interview, July 6)

18. Mid-March: Self-Correcting System of Transactions Input of individual tutoring at instructional match Dramatic rise in positive teacher-child interactions; both during individual and classroom instruction Reading sub-processes rose Then reading instructional level and motivation and engagement rose Instruction grew more challenging in keeping with child’s reading development “She’s gotten extra attention…and she enjoys the success so she’s really changed—much more motivated now. And this is with only some extra attention….She’s still making such rapid progress” (Interview, March 26)

19. Phonemic awareness improvements

20. Phonics knowledge improvements Number correct

21. Oral reading fluency improvements

22. Instructional reading level Improvements March 10 –Pre-primer reading instructional level (94% accuracy) April 11 –First-grade reading instructional level (90% accuracy)

23. Self-selected reading practice NovDecJanFeb Mar 1-20 Mar 21- April 24 11/05 12/05 1/06 2/06 3/1-3/20 3/21-4/24

24. April: Self-Sustaining System of Transactions Continued reading engagement Continued growth in reading instructional levels Less radical changes “After working with her probably three times a week, for a few minutes each day, she seemed to just come out. I….It built confidence. It also built a relationship with the two of us. She seemed to start coming to me, hugging me, sharing things with me, sharing those emotions, those feelings. And she just seemed to come alive; she just seemed to come out of that shell. And the resentment that she seemed to have towards me turned into more, like, a love, a nurturing. I could nurture her. I could hug her; I could approach her, whereas before she was so unapproachable. I was…I was afraid to touch her, or I was afraid to to get involved in her personal feelings. But she just opened toward that, and it was just…her behavior changed. There were still days where we struggled, but it was such an improvement, and she actually became one of my better students….So, I saw just a well-rounded child. I saw the whole child developed” (Interview, July 6).

25. Conclusions Early evidence of the complex transactions that exist among multiple child and instructional domains related to early reading development –Transactions within the Child “System” –Transactions across the Child and Instructional “Systems”

26. Conclusions—in the Child System Proximal Transactions –Notably reading sub-processes, reading level, reading motivation, and reading practice

27. Reading and Motivation Sub- System

28. Conclusions—in the Child System Proximal Transactions –Notably reading sub-processes, reading level, reading motivation, and reading practice Share’s (1995) self-teaching hypothesis Reading as engagement (Guthrie & Anderson, 1999) Stanovich’s (1986) Matthew effect Distal Transactions –Classroom behavior and the reading/motivation sub-system

29. Conclusions—Across the Child & Instructional Systems Proximal Transactions –Individual instruction matched to student’s need transacted with the child system Instructional and emotional support Distal Transactions –Classroom instruction transacted with individual instruction and the child system

30. Implications for Practice Children will learn… –If we teach them at their instructional match what the child brings + what the teacher offers= reading achievement (abilities, motivation,(instruction & emotional) behavior) support

31. Implications for Research Theorize of early reading development more broadly Tricky to observe transactions at the individual level in no-growth environments

32. Limitations Narrow scope (no home, community, pre-school variables) Choices of measures and their timing

33. Transactional Model of Early Reading Development

34. I welcome your comments and questions: Marnie C. Ginsberg mginsber@email.unc.edu