1. Do Now 8/28 Complete your Historical Causation worksheet.
This is a silent and individual activity.
Please use your annotated notes in the AMSCO text to help you.
Lots to do today! Let’s keep it moving!

2. Period 1: Notes

3. Outcomes
SWBAT
Identify and explain three reasons European nations explored and colonized the Americas.
Explain the Spanish transition from the encomienda system to the asiento system.

4. Bering Land Bridge
The original inhabitants of the Americas came over from Asia on the Bering Land Bridge, between what is now Russia and Alaska.

5. Peoples of Americas 50 to 100 million people in 1491
Crops such as corn (maize) and potatoes allowed civilizations such as the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas to flourish.

6. Native American Groups of North America

7. The Northwest Housing: longhouses
Diet based on: hunting, fishing, foraging
Iconic Culture: totem poles
Major Tribe: Chinook

8. The Southwest Housing: cave and cliff dwellings
Diet based on: maize farming
Iconic Culture: irrigation and architecture
Major Tribes: Pueblo, Anasazi

9. The Great Plains Housing: tepees Diet based on: buffalo and farming
Iconic Culture: seminomadic, horses
Major Tribe: Sioux

10. The Eastern Woodlands Housing: longhouses
Diet based on: hunting, fishing, agriculture
Iconic Culture: maternal society in villages
Major Tribe: Iroquois Confederation, Algonquian

11. Secotan Algonquian village, 1585
Challenge Question #1:
Secotan Algonquian village, 1585

12. Iroquois Confederacy AKA Iroquois League
Made up of the Five Nations – Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
Territory: New York, Canada, Great Lakes
Cultural group that assumed political and military roles in response to the Europeans

13. Challenge Question #2: Why did the Europeans explore and colonize the Americas?

14. Motivations for Colonization
Technology – New technology allowed ships to sail farther and make more accurate maps
compass, sextant, better ships
Wealth – European nations needed wealth to increase their military power
mercantilism and joint stock companies
Power and Status – The growth of large nation-states (Spain, Portugal, France, England) led to international competition
conquistadores found personal wealth and glory
Religion – Conflict between Catholics and Protestants led to a desire to spread the “right” kind of Christianity

15. The Columbian Exchange
Long term exchange of crops, livestock, goods, diseases, and culture between Europe (“Old World”) and the Americas (“New World”)

16. “Old World” to “New World”
Animals – horses, cows, chickens
Crops – apples, carrots, coffee, sugar cane
Diseases – plague, cholera, smallpox

17. “New World” to “Old World”
Animals – turkey, llama
Crops – beans, cocoa, maize (corn), potatoes, tobacco
Diseases – syphilis

18. Results of the Columbian Exchange
In Europe
In the Americas
New crops from the Americas provided a nutritious, stable food source
This allowed the European population to boom and encouraged the move from feudalism to capitalism
The European belief in white superiority was strengthened
New diseases wiped out millions of Native Americans
Horses changed the lives of the Plains Indians
Native people increasingly resisted forced cultural change

19. Encomienda System
Forced labor system in which Native Americans were forced to work in exchange for being “cared for” by a Spanish landowner
Forced conversion to Christianity was also common
Plantation-based agriculture for crops like sugar, and mining of precious metals like silver
Eventually replaced by slavery

20. Challenge Question #3:
Why did the Spanish eventually replace the encomienda system with the asiento system (slavery)?

21. Spanish Slavery
With devastated native populations leading to a lack of workers, the Spanish turned to the asiento system
Slaves were brought from West Africa
The system was allowed and even encouraged because a tax was paid to the king for each slave brought to Spanish territory

22. Caste System
Racially mixed populations of Spanish settlers, Native Americans, and African slaves led to a rigid caste system based on race
For example, a “Mestizo” was someone of mixed Spanish and native parents

23. Bartolomé de Las Casas
Priest who fought for better treatment for Native Americans
Wrote “The Destruction of the Indies” and “In Defense of the Indians”

24. “Then too there exist extraordinary kingdoms among our Indians who live in regions west and south of us. There are large groupings of human beings who live according to a political and a social order. There are large cities, there are kings, judges, laws, all within civilizations where commerce occurs, buying and selling and lending and all the other dealings proper to the law of nations. That is to say, their republics are properly set up, there are institutions. And our Indians cultivate friendship and they live in large cities. They manage their affairs in them with goodness and equity, affairs of peace as well as war. They run their governments according to laws that are often superior to our own... they are inferior to none .... And in a good many customs they outdo, they surpass the English, the French and some groups in our native Spain.”

25. Why didn’t the native peoples fight back more?
Disease
Brutal military suppression
They did – Pueblo Revolt, Pequot War, King Philip’s War, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Creek War, Black Hawk War, Second Seminole War, Nez Perce War, Ghost Dance War, and dozens upon dozens of others over the years.

26. Pueblo Revolt, 1680
Angered by forced work and forced conversion, the Pueblo, led by Popé rebelled against the Spanish government.
The Pueblo killed hundred of Spanish colonists and forced the thousands that still live to leave
Spanish returned a decade later

27. Challenge Questions #34-36