1. 1 The First Greek Civilizations The Impact of Geography The mountains andsea played a significant role in the development of Greek history –Mountains isolated Greeks from one another Caused communities to develop their own ways of life –Greece has a long coast line that provided many harbors The Greeks became seafarers

2. 2 The Minoan Civilization 2800 BC Bronze Age civilization established on Crete flourished between 2000 and 1450 BC Arthur Evans, English archaeologist 1st discovered the civilization, named after King Minos destroyed by invasion of mainland Greeks known as the Mycenaeans

3. 3 The First Greek State: Mycenae Mycenae a fortified site in Greece 1st discovered by German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann Mycenaean –part of the Indo-European people –skilled warriors Homer (poet): Mycenaean Greeks led by Agamennon sacked Troy around 1250 BC Mycenaean civilization collapsed around 1100 BC

4. 4 The Greeks in a Dark Age – 1100 to 750 BC population declined and food production dropped farming revived in 850 BC Developments of the Dark Age –large number of Greeks left the mainland –many went to Ionia, modern-day Turkey –Aeolian Greeks settled in Lesbos –The Dorians settled in southern Greece: Peloponnesus, Aegean islands and Crete –iron weapons replaced bronze –iron farming tools helped to increase food production –Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet to give themselves a new system of writing

5. 5 Homer The Illiad and the Odyssey – 1st great epic poems of early Greece stories of the Trojan War –war caused by Paris, prince of Troy –Paris kidnaps Helen, wife of king of Sparta –King’s brother, Agamemnon leads the Greeks in an attack of Troy –War lasted for ten years, until the Greeks used the Trojan Horse The Illiad tells of Achilles and how the anger of Achilles led to disaster The Odyssey recounts the journeys of Odysseus, after the fall of Troy and his return to his wife Homer taught the values of courage and honor

6. 6 The Greek City-States The Polis: Center of Greek Life city-state/polis became the focus of Greek life politics is derived from the word polis main gathering place in the polis was a hill top, at the top was the acropolis – a fortified area –acropolis served as a place of refuge during attack religious center where temples were built –agora below the acropolis open area: assembly or market place

7. 7 The Greek City-States The Polis: Center of Greek Life Aristotle – a citizen did not belong just to himself or herself: “We must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state” citizen’s loyalty was to the city-state –city-states distrusted one another –division of Greece into fiercely patriotic dependent units helped to bring about its ruin method of fighting –phalanx – marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation –created a wall of shields to protect the soldiers

8. 8 Greek Colonies colonization led to: –spread of Greek culture and political ideas –increased trade and industry –Greeks on the mainland exported: pottery, wine and olive oil imported: grains and metals from the west, and fish, timber, wheat, metals and slaves from the Black Sea region –the expansion of trade treated a new group of wealthy individuals

9. 9 Tyranny in the City-States creation of the new group of rich men led to the rise of tyrants in 7th and 6th century BC –tyrants (at this time) were not necessarily oppressive or wicked –Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats –they kept power by using hired soldiers –tyrants had fallen out of favor by the end of the 6th century BC

10. 10 Tyranny in the City-States Greeks believed in the rule of law and tyranny was an insult to that idea –led to the development of democracy – government by the people or rule of the many some chose an oligarchy – rule by the few two most famous and powerful city-states: Athens and Sparta

11. 11 Sparta needed more land, instead of making colonies they conquered others –conquered neighboring Laconians and Messenia making them serfs for the Spartans created a military state to keep control –800 – 600 BC Spartans lives rigidly organized and tightly controlled –spartan means – “highly self-disciplined” –at birth child examined by state officials decided if the child was fit to live unfit to live left on mountainside to die

12. 12 Sparta Males –fit to live taken from mother at age 7 to train –trained to be soldiers –enrolled in the army at age 20 –allowed to marry, but had to live in the military barracks until age 30 –age 30 males could vote in the assembly and live at home –stayed in the army until age 60 Women –married women lived at home –had greater freedom of movement and power in the household because of separation –expected to exercise and remain fit to bear and raise healthy children

13. 13 Government of Sparta was an oligarchy headed by two kings five men (ephors) responsible for the education of the youth and conduct of citizens foreigners, who might have brought in new ideas, were discouraged from visiting citizens discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or the arts – subjects that might encourage new thoughts all arts other than war frowned upon

14. 14 Athenian Government 700 BC Athens was a unified polis on under its aristocrats was an oligarchy Farmers sold into slavery for not paying debts to aristocrats cries to cancel debts and give land to the poor –Athens seemed on the verge of civil war –Aristocrats reacted by giving full power to Solon 594 BC Solon a reform minded aristocrat –canceled all land debts and freed people fallen into slavery of debts –refused to take land from rich and give to the poor –internal strife finally led to tyranny

15. 15 Athenian Government Pisistratus, an aristocrat seized power in 560 BC –aided trade to please merchants –took land from rich, gave it to the poor –rebelled against Pisitratus’ son and ended tyranny in 510 BC

16. 16 Athenian Government Cleisthenes, another reformer gained power in 512 BC –created a council of 500 to supervise foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, proposed laws – voted on by the assembly –assembly composed of male citizens –assembly had final authority to pass laws after free and open debate –created the foundation of Athenian democracy

17. 17 Classical Greece –name given to the period of Greek history from 500 BC to the conquest of Greece by the Macedonian king Philip II in 338 BC period marked by –a brilliant culture –disastrous war among the Greeks, the Peloponnesian War

18. 18 The Challenge of Persia Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean Greeks came into contact with the Persian Empire to the east Ionian Greek city-states in western Asia Minor had fallen subject to Persian Empire

19. 19 The Challenge of Persia 499 BC, unsuccessful revolt by the Ionian cities –assisted by the Athenian navy –led the Persian ruler Darius to seek revenge –490 BC Persians landed on the plain of Marathon (26 miles from Athens) –outnumbered Athenian army attacked and defeated the Persians –Daruis died in 486 BC Xerxes the new ruler promised revenge –479 BC Persians defeated at Plataea near Athens –news of Persia’s defeat brought by a runner 26 miles from Marathon to Athens

20. 20 The Growth of the Athenian Empire Athens took over the leadership of the Greek world, with defeat of the Persians 478-477 BC Athenians formed a defensive alliance against the Persians called the Delian League by controlling the Delian League Athens created an empire

21. 21 The Age of Pericles dominant in politics 461 – 429 BC Athens expanded its empire abroad Period Known as the Age of Pericles –height of Athenian power and brilliance –government was a direct democracy –assembly passed all laws elected public officials made final decisions on war and foreign policy

22. 22 The Age of Pericles –poor able to take part in public affairs because Pericles paid office holders –10 officials known as generals were the overall directors of policy – were elected –practiced ostracism to protect against overly ambitious politicians person banned from city for 10 years

23. 23 The Great Peloponnesian War defeat of the Persians, Greek world divided into two camps: –Athens –Sparta Sparta and its allies feared the growing Athenian Empire series of disputes finally led to the Peloponnesian War

24. 24 The Great Peloponnesian War Athens fought from behind the city’s protective walls – hoping that the colonies and navy would provide supplies –Spartians and their allies surrounded the city –Pericles knew the Spartians could defeat the Athenians in open battle never left behind the walls –2nd year of war a plague killed 1/3rd of the people –Pericles died the following year –war lasted another 27 years

25. 25 The Great Peloponnesian War –405 BC Athenian fleet destroyed – crushing blow –406 BC Athenians surrounded walls torn down navy disbanded Athenian destroyed next 70 years Sparta, Athens and Thebes (new Greek power) struggled to dominate Greek affairs Greeks continued in fighting, led them to ignore Macedonia – would cost them their freedom

26. 26 Daily Life in Classical Athens Athens - largest city-states 430 BC – 150,000 people slavery was common The Athenian Economy –largely based on farming and trade –agricultural growth grains, vegetables, fruit, for local use raised sheep and goats for wool and milk export: wine and olive oil (local use also) –imported 50 – 80% of its grain because of the number of people and lack of fertile land –trade was very important

27. 27 The Family and the Role of Women family was very important primary function – to produce more citizens women citizens who could take part in most religious festivals otherwise they were excluded from public life could not own personal property always had a male guardian/leader chief job to bear children, especially boys to preserve the family line strictly controlled, married at 14 or 15 expected to remain at home, out of site could not leave home without a companion

28. 28 The Culture of Classical Greece Greek Religion –affected every aspect of Greek life –religion necessary to the well-being of the state –temples dedicated to gods/goddesses were the major buildings in Greek cities

29. 29 The Culture of Classical Greece 12 chief gods and goddesses - Mount Olympus –Zeus – chief god –Ares – god of war –Hera – wife of Zeus –Aphrodite – goddess of love, beauty –Artemis – goddess of the hunt –Athena – goddess of wisdom, craft –Hermes – messenger god –Hades – god of the underworld –Poseidon – god of the sea, earthquakes, Zeus’ brother –Hephaestus – god of fire –Apollo – god of the sun, poetry

30. 30 The Culture of Classical Greece religion –had no body of doctrine –nor did it focus on morality spirit of most people –went to a gloomy underworld –regardless of what they had done in life rituals became important to gain the gods favor festivals were a way to honor gods/goddesses –Olympia – Zeus –Delphi – Apollo 1st games held at Olympic festival in 776 BC used the oracle – shrine where god/goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess most famous was the oracle of Apollo at Delphi

31. 31 Greek Drama drama was created by the Greeks plays presented in outdoor theaters –part of religious festivals 1st Greek dramas were tragedies –presented in trilogy (set of 3 plays) –the Oresteia, composed by Aeschylus only complete trilogy possessed today relates fate of Agamemnon and his family upon his return shows that reason triumphs over the forces of evil

32. 32 Greek Drama Sophocles wrote Oedipus Rex Oracle of Apollo tells how Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother Euripides – tried to create more realist characters Plots more complex and showed a greater interest in real-life matters Greek tragedies examined such problems as the nature of good and evil the rights of the individual] the nature of divine forces the nature of human beings Greek comedy used to criticize both politics and intellectuals (developed later than tragedies)

33. 33 Greek Philosophy philosophy –an organized system of thought –means “love of wisdom” Pythagoras –Pythagorean theorem – geometry –taught that the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers

34. 34 Greek Philosophy Sophists –beyond the human mind to understand the universe –more important for individuals to improve themselves –stressed the art of rhetoric – persuasive speaking –no absolute right or wrong what was right for one might be wrong for another –many viewed them as harmful to society and dangerous to the values of young people

35. 35 Socrates a critic of the Sophists goal of education was only to improve the person Socratic method –Question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason believed that all knowledge is already present within each person –only critical examination could bring it out he questioned authority – led to trouble –accused and convicted of corrupting the youth by teaching them to question and think for themselves sentenced to die by drinking hemlock – poison

36. 36 Plato student of Socrates fascinated with the question of reality – “How do we know what is real?” a higher world of eternal, unchanging Forms has always existed –ideal forms make up reality and only the trained mind – goal of philosophy – can become aware of or understand these Forms

37. 37 Plato explained his ideas about government in “The Republic” distrusted democracy –best government was a philosopher-king –believed in the ideal state men and women should have the same education and equal access to all positions established a school – the Academy in Athens

38. 38 Aristotle studied at the Academy did not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms interests lay in analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation wrote about: ethics, logic, politics, poetry, astronomy, geology, biology and physics in his book “Politics” –tried to find the best form of government –3 good forms: monarchy, aristocracy and constitutional government –favored the constitutional form for most people

39. 39 The Writing of History history is a systematic analysis of past events –created in the Western world by the Greeks Two great history writers: –Herodotus and Thucydides Herodotus –wrote “History of the Persian Wars” –regarded as the first real history in Western civilization

40. 40 The Writing of History Thucydides –greatest historian of the ancient world –wrote – “History of the Peloponnesian War” –unlike Herodotus – Thucydides was not concerned with divine forces or gods as causal factors in history –saw war and politics in purely human terms, as activities of human beings –placed much emphasis on the accuracy of facts –believed that the study of history is of great value in understanding the present

41. 41 The Classical Ideals of Greek Art art –concerned with expressing eternal ideals –subject matter of the art was the human being –presented as an object of great beauty

42. 42 The Classical Ideals of Greek Art architecture –most important form – the temple dedicated to a god or goddess –Parthenon – most famous building, classical Greek temple built between 447 and 432 BC dedicated to Athena, patron goddess of Athens shows the principles of classical architecture the search for calmness, clarity, and freedom from unnecessary detail Greek sculptors did not seek to achieve realism, but rather a standard of ideal beauty

43. 43 Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms Leadership of Alexander the Great, Macedonians and Greeks united to invade and conquer the Persian Empire The Threat of Macedonia –viewed as barbarians by the Greeks –end of 5th century Macedonia became a powerful kingdom

44. 44 Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms –359 BC Phillip II turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek world he wanted to unite all of Greece under Macedonia Athenians fearing Phillip allied with other Greek states and fought Phillip at Chaeronea, near Thebes in 338 BC the Macedonian army crushed the Greeks Phillip was assassinated before he could invade Persia – Alexander becomes king

45. 45 Alexander the Great 20 yrs old when he became king of Macedonia reasons for wanting to invade Persia –fulfill his father’s dream –desire for glory and empire –desire to avenge the Persian burning of Athens in 480 BC

46. 46 Alexander the Great Alexander’s Conquests freed the Ionian Greek cities 332 BC Syria, Palestine, and Egypt under his control built Alexandria as the Greek capital of Egypt Alexander took control of the rest of the Persian Empire he was not content –327 BC he entered India –experienced a number of difficult campaigns –weary of fighting the soldiers refused to go farther 323 BC exhausted from wounds, fever and too much alcohol, he died at the age of 32

47. 47 The Legacy of Alexander creation of monarchies due to his conquest: –Greek language, architecture, literature and art spread throughout Southwest Asia and the Near East Greeks absorbed aspects of Eastern culture

48. 48 The Hellenistic Kingdoms Alexander created a new age, the Hellenistic Era Hellenistic – “to imitate Greeks” Alexander’s empire fell apart soon after his death –most important generals fought for power four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged as the successor to Alexander: –Macedonia –Syria in the east –Kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor –Egypt

49. 49 The Hellenistic Kingdoms Alexander planned to fuse Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians in his new empire by using Persians as officials and encouraging his soldiers to marry native women Hellenistic rulers encouraged a massive spread of Greek colonists to Southwest Asia

50. 50 Helenistic Culture Hellenistic Era –period of considerable cultural accomplishment in many areas, especially science and philosophy Hellenistic city of Alexandria stood out –become home to poets, writers, philosophers, and scientists –library – largest in ancient times, over 5,000 scrolls Architecture and Sculpture –Hellenistic sculptors maintained the technical skill of the classical period, but they moved away from the idealism to more realistic art

51. 51 Helenistic Culture Literature –Appolonius of Rhodes wrote the epic poem “Argonautica” – tells story of Jason and the search for the Golden Fleece –New type of comedy developed – sought only to entertain and amuse and avoided political commentary

52. 52 Helenistic Culture Science –Aristarchus – astronomer developed the theory that the sun is at the center of the universe the Earth rotates around the sun in a circular orbit –Eratosthenes – astronomer determined that Earth was round and calculated Earth’s circumference at 24,675 (within 200 miles of actual figure)

53. 53 Helenistic Culture –Euclid – mathematician Wrote the “Elements” textbook on plane geometry –Archimedes – scientist worked on the geometry of spheres and cylinders established the value of the mathematical constant pi inventor – Archimedes screw – machine used to pump water out of mines and to lift irrigation water military weapons

54. 54 Helenistic Culture Philosophy –Athens remained the chief center of philosophy –Epicureanism and Stoicism strengthened Athens’ reputation as a philosophical center –Epicureanism – believed that human beings were free to follow self- interest as a basic motivating force the means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure, the only true good needed to separate themselves from the world

55. 55 Helenistic Culture Philosophy –Stoicism – founder was Zeno like Epicureanism – concerned with how people found happiness Stoics – happiness could be found only when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God they could bear whatever life offered did not believe in the need to separate themselves from the world and politics real Stoic was a good citizen

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