1. Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne David Napoleon in His Study What does each image argue?

2. Early 19 th Century Art Romanticism and Realism and Neoclassicism

3. Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18 th century in Western Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature. Stokstad notes that both Neoclasscism and Romanticism remained vital in early 19 th century European and American art. Romanticism

4. The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, terror, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. In European painting, led by a new generation of the French school, the Romantic sensibility contrasted with the Neoclassicism being taught in the academies. Romanticism

5. The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience—so subject of a work of art would be something that produces strong emotion. Like an incubus sitting on one’s chest or a terrifying snowstorm or a shipwreck where the survivors eat each other or a massacre of women and children... The sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities became a subject. What does this mean? It means the artist wants you to respond by thinking: “OMG! That is gorgeous and overwhelming in its size!” Or “OMG! That is just so beautiful I am speechless and gobsmacked!” Romanticism

6. How do we read the paintings that fall into this middle space between Neoclassicism and Romanticism? How should we describe them? What characteristics can we identify?

7. War, History Painting, and Napoleon

8. Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801 oil on canvas What is written on the rocks in the lower left? How did Napoleon actually cross the Alps? What makes this image Neoclassical? What makes this image suggestive of Romanticism? How is the composition influenced by the Baroque? How is the composition here profoundly different from the composition of The Oath of the Horatii (1784)?

9. Jacques-Louis David The Oath of the Horatii 1784 Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801

10. Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard 1800-1801 Paul Delaroche Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 1848 Was Napoleon Delaroche’s patron?

11. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne 1806 oil on canvas Ingres’ teacher was David. How does this image convey power?

12. Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne David Napoleon in His Study

13. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul 1804 oil on canvas

14. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne 1806 oil on canvas What other images does this painting call to mind?

15. Coin with head of Alexander ca. 305-281BCE

16. Augustus of Primaporta early 1 st century

17. Hans Holbein (Hans the Younger) Portrait of Henry VIII 1540

18. Louis XIV 1701 Hyacinthe Rignaud the Sun King

19. Jacques-Louis David Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine 1805-07 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXKnEK9mKYo

20. Antoine-Jean Gros Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa 1804 oil on canvas Gros’ teacher was David. This image is very emblematic of Romantic paintings.

21. Antoine-Jean Gros The Battle of Abukir 1806 oil on canvas

22. Antoine-Jean Gros Napoleon Bonaparte on the Battlefield of Eylau, 1807 1808 oil on canvas

23. Horace Vernet An Invalid Submitting a Petition to Napoleon at a Parade in the Courtyard of the Tuileries Palace 1838 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjRNkOwG28

24. Eugene Delacroix Scenes from the Massacre at Chios 1822-1824 oil on canvas

26. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid 1814 oil on canvas

27. Jacques-Louis David The Death of Marat 1793 oil on canvas

28. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes Chained Prisoner 1806-12 indian ink wash

29. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes The Captivity is as Barbarous as the Crime 1810 etching

30. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes Here Neither 1812-15 etching

31. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes Out Hunting for Teeth 1797-98 etching

32. Goya Francisco de Goya Y Lucientes Family of Charles IV 1800 oil on canvas

34. Las Meninas or The Family of Philip IV Diego Velázquez 1656-1657 oil on canvas

35. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul 1804 oil on canvas

36. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Napoleon I on the Imperial Throne 1806 oil on canvas

37. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres The Violinist Niccolò Paganini 1819 pencil Who do you paint when your primary patron has been defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815)?

38. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Monsieur Bertin 1832 oil on canvas

39. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Princess de Broglie 1851-53 oil on canvas

40. Orientalism and Ingres Orientalism is a term used to identify works of art made by European artists which depict Middle Eastern subjects. Orientalism is widely used in art to refer to the works of the many Western 19th century artists, who specialized in "Oriental" subjects, often drawing on their travels to Western Asia and/or the Middle East. Edward Said (Orientalism, 1978) argues that European artists tend to essentialize their Middle Eastern subjects. To essentialize means to present a subject or a culture as monolithic or one-dimensional. To essentialize means to represent something in terms of what are believed to be its “essential” elements. Usually this sort of representation reveals more about the maker of the image than about the actual subject.

41. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Large Odalisque 1814 oil on canvas Why could we consider this work “mannerist?” Why is this work exemplary of the style taught by the French Academy?

42. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres The Bather 1808 oil on canvas

43. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres The Turkish Bath 1862 oil on canvas on wood

44. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Large Odalisque Jacques-Louis David Madame Récamier 1800 How are these two images similar?

45. Mannerism can be understood—in part—as a response to the Late Renaissance’s emphasis on rationality and linear perspective. In your head you should be linking Mannerism to Ingres. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Monsieur Bertin 1832 Bronzino Portrait of a Young Man 1540

46. Neoclassical painting can be understood as a reaction to the excesses of Rococo. Jacques-Louis David The Oath of the Horatii 1784 Jean-Honoré Fragonard The Swing 1767

47. Romanticism in turn can be understood as a reaction to the Neoclassical painting. Think about Neoclassical painting….how would you describe it in terms of its… 1. brushwork? 2. color palette? 3. content? 4. composition?

48. Can we make connections between Baroque and Romantic painting? 1.How is the composition similar? 2.How is the formal technique similar? (brushwork) 3.Is the content similar? 4.How do we characterize the similarities and the differences?

49. Romanticism Usually Romantic works have dramatic and intensely emotional subject matter but Romantic landscapes also often also meant to convey the artist’s almost religious reverence for the landscape—which became increasingly important as a industrial revolution intensified. Romantic landscape painting is dramatic the content emphasizes turbulent or fantastic natural scenery disasters the sublime (something that inspires awe) naturalistic the content represents tranquil nature the content signals a religious reverence toward nature Romantic painting is characterized by fluid, loose brushwork strong colors complex compositions powerful contrasts of light and dark expressive poses and gestures

50. Romantic and Realist Landscapes Question: What is the artist using the landscape to accomplish? How can the viewer tell? What visual evidence is there?

51. Joseph Mallord William Turner Fisherman at Sea 1796 oil on canvas

52. Joseph Mallord William Turner Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps 1812 oil on canvas

53. Joseph Mallord William Turner Peace--Burial at Sea 1842 oil on canvas

54. Turner Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway before 1844

55. John Constable The Hay-Wain 1821

56. Turner Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway before 1844

57. Caspar David Friedrich Monk by the Sea 1809 oil on canvas He felt like many Romantics that “God was manifest in the landscape and that art was the ideal mediator between the divinity in nature and the individual” (Stokstad, 993). “A way of accessing the spiritual.”

58. Poet on a Mountaintop Shen Zhou Ming dynasty, c.1500 leaf from an album

59. Caspar David Friedrich The Abbey in the Oakwood 1810 oil on canvas

61. Thomas Cole The Oxbow 1836 oil on canvas How does this image represent the idea of Manifest Destiny? How does this image represent the “inherent grandeur” of the New World? Ask yourself this question: at this moment in the United States, is “wilderness” considered a positive or negative space? Remember how the wilderness was depicted in The Scarlet Letter? The wilderness was associated with “dark things.”

62. Thomas Cole The Oxbow (The Connecticut River near Northampton) 1836

63. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot Ville d'Avray 1867

64. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot The Bridge at Mantes 1868-70

65. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot Mill at Saint-Nicolas-les-Arras 1874

66. Types of Paintings religious images portraits history paintings still lifes genre* (scenes from every day life) * Genre painting is a fairly new development at the end of the 16th century (1580’s).

67. Religious Images Goya The Holy Family 1780 oil on canvas

68. Goya Portrait of the Duchess of Alba 1797 oil on canvas Portraits

69. Goya The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid 1814 oil on canvas History Paintings

70. Still Lifes Goya Dead Birds 1808 oil on canvas

71. Genre Goya The Snowstorm 1786 oil on canvas