1. Problems on the Plains “Solve It” Activity

3. Keeping cattle in and other animals out
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4. 1.  Barbed Wire:    Barbed wire, invented in 1874, solved the problem of building fences on the Great Plains.  Wood for fences wasn't easily available, since there were not many trees in the region.  Barbed wire was affordable and easy to put up. 

7. Soil is very hard

8. 2.  Steel plows     As settlers began moving onto the Great Plains, they discovered that cast iron plow blades commonly used in eastern states would often clog up.  The soil of the Great Plains is thick and rich, and would often stick to the cast iron blade.     Fortunately, a blacksmith named John Deere invented a way to make plow blades out of steel.  Steel is harder than cast iron, and can be made so smooth that it cuts through soil without clogging up.   

9. John Deere's great invention:    This drawing shows John Deere's steel plow blade and the wood handles of a "walk behind" plow. 

11. Little or no surface water for crops

12. 3.  Dry Farming Techniques:    Farmers of the Great Plains developed dry farming techniques to adapt to the low rainfall and conserve as much moisture in the soil as possible.     

13. These techniques included: 1
These techniques included:     1.  Choice of a crop (wheat) that did not require much rainfall to
grow.
   2.  Plowing the land deeply to allow moisture to get deep into the
soil more easily when it did rain.
   3.  Planting seeds in the ground deeper than normal, perhaps two
inches down instead of one inch down.  That put the seeds in
contact with more moisture than the very top layer of soil.

14. The drawing shows a old-fashioned seed drill
The drawing shows a old-fashioned seed drill.  The wheat seeds go in the box at the top.  As the device is pulled through the fields by a horse, the seeds drop a few at a time through the tubes and into soil at a depth set by the farmer.

15. Limited wood for shelter

16. 4. Sod houses The two pictures show settlers on the Great Plains
4.  Sod houses     The two pictures show settlers on the Great Plains.  Wood for building houses was hard to get, because there are not many trees in that area.  So the early settlers made their houses from sod - the top layer of soil and grass - cut and stacked to make the walls.  Even the roof was often made of sod placed over wood beams.     If the farm was successful, the owners would later build a new house using wood boards shipped in by railroad.

19. How to earn a living

20. 5.  Beef Cattle Raising:    Some parts of the Great Plains were ideal for raising beef cattle.  So that choice, too, was an adaptation to the conditions of that area.  Texas was the most famous state for cattle ranching.

22. Beef for America's Growing Population: Cattle from Texas greatly expanded the availability of beef in the U.S., especially after 1870.  The animals were taken in large herds to railroad stations.  Once there, they were sold to cattle buyers and shipped to cities like Chicago.     In Chicago the cattle were processed and butchered by companies called meat packers. The large sides of beef were sold and shipped to food companies in other cities in special railroad cars cooled with ice.

23. Known as "reefers", these cars originated in the 1840's with the first use of ice in transporting milk and butter, as well as other perishable goods.
Early reefers were of all wood construction and were usually 36 feet long. A refrigerator car of the late-1800's could only travel about 250 to 400 miles before it would need re-icing.
Mechanical refrigerator cars of steel construction began appearing in large numbers in the 1950's for carrying frozen foods and produce. or carrying frozen foods and produce.

24. Crop to grow in dry soil

25. 6.  Wheat farming:    Farmers needed a crop that would grow well in the dry, hot summers of the Great Plains.  Wheat was the crop that best fit the climate conditions.  The wheat grains at the top of the plant are ground into flour that is used to make bread, cereal, and many other foods.

27. A mechanical reaper for wheat: Wheat was also a good match for the farms of the Great Plains because the flat land is ideal for using the mechanical reaper to harvest the crop.  The reaper came into wide use after about 1850, and made it possible to harvest large plots of wheat quickly.  The photo shows an old-style reaper in action in a wheat field.

29. Food for America's growing cities:    Farmers saved some of the wheat crop for themselves, but most was bagged and sold to wheat buyers in big cities.  The photo shows a farmer ready to load his crop on a railroad freight car for shipment.

30. Little or no surface water for consumption

31. 7.  Water-pumping windmills    There is not much rainfall on the Great Plains, especially in the summer, so there is not much water to drink. The invention of an inexpensive water pumping windmill helped solve that problem.    As the wind turns the blades of the windmill, a long rod that runs down the tower moves the handle of a water pump up and down.  The pump pulls water up from a well, and sends it into a storage tank or other container.  That way there is always water available for people and animals.    Windmills like this are still used in many farming areas in the West, because they pump water without using electricity.

32. A farm boy keeps the pump working: The photo below shows a farm boy adjusting the pump mechanism at the base of a windmill.  The pump is on top of a metal pipe drilled down to the level of groundwater.  That may be anywhere from about 20 to more than 100 feet deep.  If there is no wind, the pump can also work by moving the long handle up and down by hand.

33. Move people from east to west

34. 8.  Railroads to the West:     Railroads were an important technological advance that made it possible to settle the West.  They could bring in supplies at an affordable price.  They also made it possible for farmers to ship out their crops and ranchers to ship out their cattle.     The photo is an old stereoscope card.  It shows a train on the famous Transcontinental Railroad line that was completed to California in 1869.    

36. Spreading railroad lines to the West    The heavy red lines on the map below show some of the railroads built into the West during the 1860s and 1870s.  The line connecting Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California, is the first Transcontinental Railroad.  Many more lines were built later.