1. Cytology The study of cells.

2. History of Cytology Robert Hooke 1665 Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 Matthias Schleiden 1838 Theodor Schwann 1839 Observed cork slice under microscope. Coined the word “cell”. Observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope. First to state that all plants are made of cells. First to state that all animals are made of cells.

3. The Cell Theory 1)All living things are made of cells. 2)Cells carry out the functions of living things. 3)Cells come from pre-existing cells.

4. Organization of Cells Unicellular Entire organism is made of one cell Multicellular Organism is made up of many cells.

5. Organization of cells Colony group of cells living together Tissue A group of cells working together.

6. Organization of Cells Organ group of tissues working together. Organ System group of organs working together.

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Cell that does not have a true nucleus. – Genetic material is not contained in a nucleus Cell wall No mitochondria Mesosome Plasmid Cells are very small Ribosomes present Ex: Bacteria Eukaryotic Cell that has a nucleus. – Genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell May or may not have a cell wall Mitochondria provide energy Cells are larger Ribosomes present Ex: Plant, fungus and animal cells

8. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic ProkaryoticEukaryotic

9. Cytoplasm All of the material inside of the cell except the nucleus.

10. Nucleus The control center of a cell. The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA, and is usually the largest object in the cell. – DNA – genetic code

11. Nucleoulus Dark areas in the nucleus where ribosomes are being made.

12. Ribosomes Two part structure that contains RNA. Makes cell proteins. – Proteins are used to make cell parts, or as enzymes.

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum System of tubes that manufacture and carry materials throughout the cell. – Smooth ER – no ribosomes – Rough ER - ribosomes

14. Golgi Apparatus Packaging system of the cell. Made up of phospholipid bilayer.

15. Lysosomes The destruction crew of a cell. Contain enzymes, which are released to digest old cell parts. If all lysosomes break open at once the cell dies. – apoptosis – cell death

16. Vacuoles Storage bubble made of piece of phospholipid bilayer from the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus.

17. Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell. Carries out cellular respiration.

18. Choloroplast Phospholipid bubble that contains chlorophyll. Function is to carry out photosynthesis. – Chlorophyll converts sunlight into glucose, which the plant stores until needed

19. Cytoskeleton A 3-D support system made of protein fibers (actin and myosin). Below, the yellow strands are the protein fibers making up the cytoskeletons in some cow cells.

20. Cell Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer ~ Two layers of lipid (fat) molecules that form the cell membrane – Hydrophyllic – “water loving” – Hydrophobic – “water fearing”

21. Cell Membrane Proteins ~ Found embedded in phospholipid bilayer. Function in transporting substances across the cell membrane. Also used for identification of substances. Carbohydrates ~ Attached to the outer cell membrane. “Stickiness” helps cells hold on to each other and to grab materials from the environment.

22. Cell Membrane

23. Cell Wall Plant cell walls are made of cellulose (a starch that makes raw vegetables crunchy)

24. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Plant Cell Has cell walls Has chloroplasts Has a large central vacuole Animal Cell Does not have cell walls; instead has only a cell membrane Does not have chloroplasts Many small, scattered vacuoles.

25. Plant Cell (pg. 175 in your textbook)

26. Animal Cell (pg. 175 in your textbook)

27. Cell Organelle Foldable Hold the construction paper in landscape format. Fold the paper in half. Open flat and then fold each side toward the center fold. Title the left column “Animal Cell” and the right column “Plant Cell”. Write the names of the cell parts found in an animal cell on the front side of the “Animal Cell” column. Write the names of the cell parts found in a plant cell on the front side of the “Plant Cell” column. Using a pair of scissors, cut under each term until you get to the fold. This creates tabs. Do this for both columns. See Figure 1, however your columns will have more tabs than the one shown. Flip the tabs open and write a description of the term in your own words. Diagrams/pictures should be included. You may use the internet to help you with you pictures/diagrams

28. See wiki for a list of possible projects. You must do 40 points worth of work Cell Projects