1. HISTORY Alicbusan.DePano.Fermo KASPIL1 Report Franco.Ordinario.Salvadora.Tiolengco

2. What is History? // part 1 To put it simply, history is a collection of past events that were chosen by historians based from several accepted judgments. Thus, history was considered an enormous jigsaw puzzle with a lot of missing parts because not all events were considered by the historian as historical. It is said that history are based from the historian's experiences (Professor Oakeshott) which makes it a series of judgements.

3. Types of Historical Sources // part 2 Primary sources are those that came from actual words or accounts of first hand witnesses which participated in the event. – Examples: diaries, memoirs, written manuscript, official records and statistics are classified as primary sources. Secondary sources came from those people who did not participate in the actual event. They are using a given primary source as a means of creating evidences. – Examples: Oral Tradition, Newspapers, Books

4. How did the Historical Writing start in the Philippines? Historical writing in the Philippines started in the sixteen century. Spanish missionaries and colonial officials were the first people who wrote about the history of the Philippines including observations of the Filipino culture and society during that time. Filipino illustrados found the courage to write about the Philippines two decades later. In 1880- 1895,which was considered as the period of the Propaganda movement, Spanish writers began to publish more offensive and racist writings about the Filipinos. // part 3

5. How does an event become part of history? All events undergo a question of interpretation wherein a historian selects what event is supremely important. [next] // part 4

6. How does an event become part of history? Historians are the main causes of how an event becomes a part of history. It all depends partly on the events that they have encountered but mainly on the events that they desire to hold and what kind of technique are they going to use to record that chosen event. Their judgment defines what is essential for them and most often than not, they chose events that are related towards their profession and they disregard everything else. // part 4

7. Two important components of history acc to E.H. Carr. Historian – responsible for discovering facts and turning them into facts of history. – uses their own interpretation and judgment on considering if an event is considered historical – is not required to have special skills in order to interpret evidences – catches events by chance Facts – are essential to a historian – are used by historians to uncover mankind's past – are observed and discovered // part 5

8. Is History an Art or Science? // part 6 Scholars view history as a combination of art and science. It is considered a science when people uncover facts and it becomes an art when it concerns about the truth. [next]

9. Is History an Art or Science? // part 6 Art: – Historian commonly reason out positive evidences pertaining to their accounts and they utilize a number of logical processes. – Historians are creative and their work of art is known to be history that consists of inserting missing puzzle pieces. [next]

10. Is History an Art or Science? // part 6 Science: – By using various traits of inquiry like observation, classification, formulation of hypothesis and explanation of evidences, history seeks discovers facts by means of the scientific method which is why it is considered as a science. – It focuses on experiences of human beings and human civilizations. – Its aim is to uncover these facts and interpret them in an unobjective manner.

11. Steps in Historical Methodology // part 7 Select a subject or a topic to be investigated Gather probable historical sources related to the chosen subject. – Explanation: Typically, historians do not rely on just one source to study an event or a historical process, but on many, and they construct their own interpretations about the past by means of comparison among sources Examine all the source for credibility Extraction of data from all the credible sources

12. Two Levels of Historical Criticism // part 8 External criticism are those that examine the physical condition of the document. – example: color of paper used, condition and characteristics of the paper Questions often asked: 1.Is the document an original or draft copy/ if it is a copy, was it reproduced in the exact words of the original? 2.Did the author report things, events or places that could not have been known during that period? 3.Has the original manuscript been altered either intentionally or unintentionally by copying?

13. Two Levels of Historical Criticism // part 8 Internal criticism examines the content and interprets the documents Questions often asked: 1.How much credibility can the author’s be given? 2.What was the author trying to say? 3.How could the author’s words be interpreted?

14. Significance of History // part 9 gain proper knowledge about human nature, their lives and how they faced challenges that happened in the past can influence people for a better future can use what we gain about experiences of people gain an understanding of one's existence By studying history we..

15. KASPIL1 // fin :D FI N :D