2.  Most important inorganic molecule in living things.  Living organisms = 75-80% H 2 O.  Many biological processes require H 2 O › Survive 21-24 days without food › Survive 3 days without water

3.  Solid (ice)  Liquid  Gas (vapor)

4.  Buoyancy  Polarity  Cohesion  Adhesion  Surface Tension  High Specific Heat  Forms solutions  Neutral pH

5.  High Specific Heat- large amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H 2 O by 1°C  H 2 O retains heat and cools slowly. › Explains why the pool/ocean is warm when the air temperature is cool  Enables organisms (with a high H 2 O content) to maintain relatively constant body temperatures.

6.  Atoms of different elements don’t always share e- equally.  Electronegativity - force an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons. › More protons (+) in the nucleus means a stronger attraction for electrons (-).

7.  e- drawn to one nucleus more than the others in a molecule. › Partial charges form  polar molecules or polar regions of large molecules

8.  Cohesion - ability of H 2 O molecules to resist coming apart. › Keeps H 2 O molecules together as they move from roots to leaves. Giant Sequoia

9.  How droplets of H 2 O form.  Attraction between H 2 O molecules  surface tension › Surface Tension - molecules in the surface layer are H-bonded to H 2 O molecules below them. › Prevents water’s surface from easily breaking. Water StriderDroplet Formation

10.  Adhesion - attraction between H 2 O molecules and molecules of other substances (that can form H-Bonds). › Due to polarity of H 2 O › Other polar substances get wet › Nonpolar molecules, like oils, do not.

11.  Attraction of H 2 O to surfaces with a charge  capillary action  Capillary Action- tendency of liquids to rise in tubes of small diameter. › Explains movement of H 2 O from roots  leaves

12.  Many substances dissolve in H 2 O.  Solution - mixture in which 1+ substances are evenly distributed in another substance. › Mixtures of liquids, solids, or gases. › Plasma (liquid part of blood)- made up of various ions and macromolecules, as well as gases, that are dissolved in H 2 O.

13.  Solute - substance being dissolved. › Ex: Sugar  Solvent - substance in which solute is dissolved. › Ex: H 2 O Sugar + H 2 O  Sugar H 2 O **Sugar & H 2 O molecules remain unchanged and can be separated again.**

14.  Ice (solid) is LESS dense than liquid H 2 O.

15.  H 2 O bonds break between some molecules as they collide. › Forms a Hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-).  Pure H 2 O ALWAYS has a low concentration of H+ and OH- ions  H+ ions = OH- ions

16.  Compounds that form H+ when dissolved in H 2 O are acids. › Adding acids to pure H 2 O  H+ level increases above that of pure H 2 O  Bases - compounds that reduce [H+] in a solution. › Many bases form OH- when dissolved in H 2 O. › Lower [H+] because OH- reacts with H+ to form H 2 O.

17.  pH scale- measures [H+] in a solution.

18.  Each whole # (on pH scale) represents a factor of 10. › Solution with pH 5 has 10 times more H+ than a solution with pH 6. › Note: Stomach acid pH= 2 Blood pH= 7.5

19.  Matter: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_naturematter/http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_naturematter/  Matter Video Review: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/psu06- nano_vid_matter/http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/psu06- nano_vid_matter/  Atomic Structure: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_theatom/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_theatom/  Chemical Bonding: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_chembonds/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_int_chembonds/  Water Video: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/idptv11_vid_d4ksow/ http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/idptv11_vid_d4ksow/  NOVA Hunting the Elements Video: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/hunting-elements.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/hunting-elements.html