1. Investigating the three of the four major biological molecules, including structure and function within biological systems.

2. Together, these elements make up almost all living things.

3. They are sugars, starches, and cellulose, which contain CHO and which function primarily in energy storage, energy transport, and plant structure. A carbohydrate is an organic compound consisting only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydrates of carbon, hence their name. Carbohydrates are an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances.

4. Lipids are an essential structural component in living cells in that they: o help with cell membrane structure o constitute a barrier for the cell o control membrane fluidity o control the flow of material that go in and out of the cell o act as an energy storage (fats stored in adipose tissue) o transmit information in cells o can act as a Lipid Vitamin required for metabolism. Fats, oils and waxes are all examples of Lipids, which are molecules necessary for the survival of all living organisms. A lipid is composed of a glycerol, a type of alcohol, attached to three fatty acid chains composed of a carbon skeleton with attached hydrogen atoms.

5. Proteins play an important role in the lifespan and quality of human life. Depending on the roles, bonds and the structure of the amino acid, the proteins in the cell membrane play the role of: o channels to facilitate diffusion and to transfer molecules according to electrical and chemical qualities o and as transporters (they bind with glucose molecules to transport them to the other side of the membrane). o organic catalysts in human anatomy They also go on to effect the world by being able to influence the nature of enzymes.

6. Large polymers are made in a process called dehydration synthesis. They are constructed by linking small monomers (building blocks) together. Each time two monomers are linked, a molecule of water must be removed. Dehydration refers to the removal of water and synthesis refers to the linking of the monomers together. Small monomers are made in process called hydrolysis. Basically, large polymers are broken back down into small monomers by the addition of water. Hydro stands for the addition of water and lysis means to break.

7. A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains. Polymer means many monomers (Poly means many). Monomers:Polymers: Carbohydrates:MonosaccharidePolysaccharide Oligosaccharide Disaccharide Lipids:Glycerol Fatty Acids Triglycerides Proteins:Amino AcidsPolypeptides

10. If more than 100 amino acids attach together it is considered a protein. Proteins are made of Amino Acids, which are composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur.

11. Primary is the term used to describe the order of the amino acids joined together to make the protein. If the “R” groups in the Amino Acid structure is replaced you would have the primary structure of a particular protein. Within the long protein chains there are regions in which the chains are organised into regular structures known as alpha-helices (alpha- helixes) and beta-pleated sheets. These are the secondary structures in proteins. These secondary structures are held together by hydrogen bonds. In a beta-pleated sheet, the chains are folded so that they lie alongside each other. In an alpha-helix, the protein chain is coiled like a loosely- coiled spring.

12. The tertiary structure of a protein is a description of the way the whole chain (including the secondary structures) folds itself into its final 3-dimensional shape. A protein has quaternary structure if it is formed of 2 or more subunits (polypeptides). They are held together by various forces including hydrophobic interactions, H-bonds and ionic bonds. The model shows the alpha-helices in the secondary structure as coils of "ribbon". The beta-pleated sheets are shown as flat bits of ribbon ending in an arrow head. The bits of the protein chain which are just random coils and loops are shown as bits of "string".