1. BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER
CHAPTER 26, SECTION 4

2. THE HYDROGEN BOMB Define: Hydrogen Bomb When? 1950 – 52 Why?
A thermonuclear device with the explosive power of 1 million tons of TNT.
When? – 52
Why?
a. Fear of Soviet nuclear efforts
b. Desire to gain “nuclear advantage”
Truman approves research / development of bomb.
1st Test: detonation of an American H-Bomb
Problem?
Yes
1953, Soviets detonate their first H-Bomb
So What?
Nuclear balance is evened again

3. 1952 Hydrogen Bomb Detonation

4. BRINKMANSHIP 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President
Ike’s Sec. Of State: John Foster Dulles
Dulles: Staunch Anti-Communist
Dulles’ foreign policy principle:
“BRINKMANSHIP”
Define: A willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war, especially nuclear war.
So What?
The U.S. will keep the peace by promising to use all it’s force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nations
Brinkmanship requires larger numbers of nuclear weapons
So. . . THE ARMS RACE BEGINS

5. GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER World War II

6. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, PRESIDENT OF THE U.S., 1953 - 61

7. John F. Dulles
Time, 1954
Sec. of State

8. THE COLD WAR SPREADS WHY? How do superpowers gain global power? How?
Superpower rivalry; both want to dominate global affairs
Both want to spread their own political & economic systems
Both want access to more resources
How do superpowers gain global power?
Expand alliances
Prevent other superpower from doing the same thing
How?
Conventional / Direct confrontation
Example? “Conventional” War - Define
Covert / Indirect confrontation
Examples?
Spying
Aiding friendly revolutions
Helping overthrow unfriendly gov’ts.

9. THE COLD WAR SPREADS(CONT’D.)
Who will do this effectively?
Intelligence agencies; examples?
C.I.A.
Military Intelligence communities
Where?
1953: IRAN – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Mossadegh ; Shah of Iran takes over
Why? Oil access
1954: GUATEMALA – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Arbenz
Why? Arbenz viewed as sympathetic to communism

10. ATTEMPTS AT PEACE 1953: Stalin dies 1955: Soviets form “Warsaw Pact”
Define: Alliance of Eastern European Soviet satellite nations.
1955: The Geneva Summit
What? U.S. – Soviet meetings to discuss issues of mutual concern.
Ike proposes an “Open Skies” Policy
Define: Both nations would allow flights over their territory to guard against surprise nuclear attack
Soviets reject offer; Why?
Soviets fear a U.S. trick to discover where Soviet nuclear weapons are
So What?
Lack of trust worsens superpower tension

11. THE WARSAW PACT

12. OTHER FLASHPOINTS 1956: Egypt: The Suez Crisis 1956: Hungary
U.S. backs a Brit.-French-Israel takeover of the Suez Canal
Why? Egypt growing too friendly w/USSR
1956: Hungary
Soviets invade Hungary
Why? Gov’t has become too friendly w/Western European nations
U.S. decides not to intervene ; risk is too high and Suez Crisis take precedence
Result? The Eisenhower Doctrine
Define: U.S. would give aid to any Middle
Eastern nation threatened by any
Communist aggression/expansion

13. U.S. EMBARRASSMENTS 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I SO WHAT?
1960: U-2 Spyplane shot down
Pilot: Francis Gary Powers captured & tried for espionage
Embarrassment for U.S.
SO WHAT? The Cold War heats up

14. SPUTNIK I

16. U-2 SPYPLANE

17. Frances
Gary Powers
USAF, 1950’s

19. POWERS WITH U-2, PRE-FLIGHT