1. Landforms and Landmasses of Canada

2. Review What is... Elevation? Relief? Gradient? Geology?
Describe what landforms are, and how they are built.
What are the 4 forces that create landforms?
Name the 4 landforms that we looked at last class

3. Canada’s Landform regions
A region is an area that is defined on the basis of the presence or absence of certain characteristics.
Think of an example of a landform around Salisbury. Describe it.

4. Landform regions
Landform regions are based on the following characteristics.
Age of rock (how old the rocks in the area are)
Type of rock (is it hard, soft, shale, granite, sedimentary)
Relief (is the area flat, mountainous, or a mixture)
Gradient (how steep the landscape is)
Process that has shaped the area (was there weathering, glacial erosion, deposition etc.)

5. Canadian Shield Age of rocks: oldest rocks are 4 billion years old.
Type of rock: granite, bedrock, and Precambrian rock (igneous and metamorphic rock)
Relief: relatively flat with some low mountains feet above sea level at the highest point
Gradient: Mainly flat areas (Plateaus), some relatively steep rock faces.

6. Process that has shaped the area:
- Moving water and ice carried Shield material to surrounding areas, building great thickness of rock. This eroded away at the large mountains and volcanoes that made up the area millions of years ago. (erosion, deposition)

9. Appalachian Mountains
Age of rock: 375 million years old
Type of rock: sedimentary
Relief: Mountains are on average 1000 m above sea level.
Gradient: Mainly rolling hills and broad valleys.

10. Process that has shaped the area:
- These mountains have been worn down by ice and water. (erosion)

12. Western Cordillera Age of Rock: During Cenozoic era
Type of Rock: Sedimentary
Relief: series of parallel mountain ranges; the Coast Mountains, the Colombia Mountains, and the Rocky Mountains. Averaging 3000 meters above sea level.
Gradient: Mountains- steep, plateaus- flat, deltas- flat

13. Process that has shaped the area:
- Rich lands have developed from the sand and soil deposited by the rivers.
- Deltas have formed from large amounts of soil being deposited into the mouth of the river where it meets with the ocean.

15. Innuitian Mountains Age of Rocks: formed during the Mesozoic era
Type of Rocks: Sedimentary
Relief: Mountains that are as high as 2000 meters above sea level.
Gradient: very steep mountains with relatively flat valleys.

16. Process that has shaped the area:
- not old enough for erosion to have worn the mountains down as much as in the Appalachians.

17. Arctic Lowlands Type of Rock: Sedimentary
Relief: relatively low relief, plateaus
Gradient: flat lowland plains, and flat plateaus
Process that has shaped the area: Erosion due to glacial movement has worn away at the land to leave flatter areas.

19. Interior Plains Age of Rock: early Paleozoic to the Cenozoic eras.
Type of Rock: chernozem; a rich soil ideal for wheat growth. It can be up to 25 cm deep. Also called “Black Earth”
Relief: Relatively close to sea level.
Gradient: flat plains divided by two escarpments; the Manitoba Escarpment and the Missouri Coteau.

20. Process that has shaped the area:
- Erosion carved out three prairie plains separated by two long steep slopes called escarpments.

22. Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
Age of Rocks: from the Paleozoic era
Type of Rock: sedimentary, sand and clays
Relief: relatively close to sea level
Gradient: It used to be relatively mountainous, but years ago when the area was covered over by the Champlain Sea the water deposited large amounts of sand and clay that filed in the valleys and made the land relatively flat.

23. Process that has shaped the area:
-The Champlain sea retreated and deposited sand and clay, leaving the area nearly level and with an excellent base for the formation of a fertile soil called “brown earth.”

25. Hudson Bay Lowlands Age of Rocks: From the Paleozoic era
Type of Rocks: Sedimentary, Podzols
Relief: areas up to 2000 meters above sea level
Gradient: relatively flat
Process that has shaped the area:
-Seas, rivers and glaciers have deposited materials to make the area mainly flat.