1. Galveston coastal fieldwork Task question:

2. http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston- texas/houston/article/Sea-swallowing-Galveston-faster-than- thought-4160081.php

3. Source:http://blog.galveston.com/ wp- content/uploads/2013/05/seawee d.pdf The West End of the Island is eroding The East end of the Island is getting bigger The Seawall was built after the 1900 hurricane. It is 10 miles long.

4. Coastal protection: Galveston sea wall

5. The Galveston Seawall was built after the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 for protection from future hurricanes. Construction began in September, 1902, and the initial segment was completed on July 29, 1904. From 1904 to 1963, the seawall was extended from 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to over 10 miles (16 km) long. Reporting in the aftermath of the 1983 Hurricane Alicia, the Corps of Engineers estimated that $100 million in damage was avoided because of the seawall. On September 13, 2008 Hurricane Ike's storm surge and large waves over-topped the seawall. As a result, a commission was established by the Texas Governor following the hurricane to investigate preparing for and mitigating future disasters. [4]

6. Other forms of coastal protection at Galveston Riprap — also known as rip rap, rubble, shot rock, rock armour or Rip-rap — is rock or other material used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour, water or ice erosion.

7. Crews replacing riprap at Galveston Seawall after 1915 Hurricane

8. Groynes at Galveston

9. Why is this house like this?

10. Hurricane proof houses Dome: The physical geometry of a building affects its aerodynamic properties and how well it can withstand a storm. Geodesic dome roofs or buildings have low drag coefficients and can withstand higher wind forces than a square building of the same area.

11. Hurricane proof houses Stilts: Waves along coastal areas can literally destroy a building. Buildings should preferably be built on high ground in order to avoid waves. If waves can reach the building site, the building ought to be elevated on steel, concrete, or wooden pilings or anchored to solid rock. Wood: Wood has a relatively high degree of flexibility which can be beneficial under certain building stresses.

12. Why does Galveston need protection? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIvq_z99 L7I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIvq_z99 L7I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJbfGUyl kR0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJbfGUyl kR0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh4hWUz q6A4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eh4hWUz q6A4

14. Sargassum Sargassum acts like a sponge during daily events and hurricanes by absorbing wave energy. This protects the sand from wave erosion. BUT…. The large piles of Sargassum and the other materials restrict access to the beach and water. The Sargassum smells bad. Tourists complain about the presence of Sargassum. Sargassum may cause problems by interfering the choice of nesting location for turtles.

15. Sites where we will collect data Site 1: Pleasure pier 25 th Street Site 2: Fishing pier 61 st Street Site 3: Galveston State Park

16. How could we collect data?

17. Ideas about how we could collect data Field Sketch Even in this day and age with cameras on our phones you need to be able to do fie ld sketches A field sketch is used to highlight the signi ficant things in the field of view that you would want to annotate.

19. Annotated photos

20. Direction of waves Decide on an appropriate distance to measure longshore drift over, for example, 10 metres. Lay out tape measure close to water and mark start and finish points. Place your float into water in the breakwater zone at the start point. Observe and time the object's movement across the pre- set distance. Similar results can be obtained if the distance travelled by the object is recorded over a specified time, for example 5 minutes.

21. Measuring the build up of beach material beside the groynes

22. Questionnaire…Example 1. Are you local (from Galveston), if not please state 2. Are you aware of the sea defences along the coast in Galveston. ( if no then record that and STOP questionnaire)

24. Land use survey

25. People count