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Medical Terminology Chapter 1.

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1 Medical Terminology Chapter 1

2 Basic Word Structure CHAPTER SECTIONS I . Word Analysis
II . Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Picture III. Exercise IV. Review V. Pronunciation of terms Practical Applications CHAPTER OBJECTIVES To divide medical terms in to component parts To analyze, pronounce, and spell medical terms using common combining forms ,suffixes, and prefixes

3 Basic Elements of a Medical Word
Chapter 1 Basic Elements of a Medical Word

4 Medical Word Elements Specialized vocabulary used by health-care practitioners A medical word consists of: Word root Combining form Suffix Prefix

5 A. Word Roots The core of a medical term
Contains the fundamental meaning Most are derived from Greek or Latin Ex. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the skin

6 Examples of Word Roots Greek or Latin Word Word Root Meaning
Nephros (Gr) Nephr Kidney Oris (L) Or Mouth Renes (L) Ren Dermatos (Gr) Derm Skin

7 Notice how the following medical term is analyzed
Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term? GASTROENTEROLOGY

8 GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term? GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY Root root suffix (“stomach”) (“intestines”) (“study of”)

9 Here are other words that are divided into component parts:
The two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. The entire word means “study of the stomach and the intestine. “ Here are other words that are divided into component parts: GASTROSCOPE Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”)

10 mean “instrument to visually examine the stomach”.
Here are other words that are divided into component parts: GASTR/O/SCOPE Combining form suffix (“stomach”) (“instrument to visually examine”) mean “instrument to visually examine the stomach”.

11 Combining Form Word root to which a vowel is added
Enables two elements to be connected

12 Examples of Combining Forms
Word Root Vowel Combining Form Meaning Gastr O Gastr/o stomach Hepat Hepat/o Liver Immun Immun/o Immune, safe Oste Oste/o bone

13 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

14 ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
root root suffix (“electricity”) (“heart”) (“record”) combining vowel combining vowel

15 COMBINNING FORMS COMBINING MEDICAL FORM MEANING TERM MEANING Aden/o gland adenoma_________________________ adenitis _________________________ -ITIS means “inflammation.” Arthr/o joint arthritis__________________________ Bi/o life biology__________________________ -LOGY mean “study of “. biopsy _________________________ -OPSY means “to view.” Living tissue is removed and viewed under a microsope.

16 Carcin/o carcinoma____________________________
cancerous -OMA means “mass” or “tumor.” Cardi/o heart Cardiology___________________________ Cephal/o head cephalic____________________________ -IC mean “pertaining to.” Cerebr/o cerebrum, cerebral____________________________ largest part -AL means “pertaining to, ”the Figure shows the of the brain cerebrum . cerebrovascular accident (CVA___________ -VASCULAR means “pertaining to blood vessels”; a CVA is commonly known as a stroke. Cyst/o urinary cystoscope__________________________

17 Cyt/o cell cytology_______________________________
Dermat/o skin dermatitis____________________________ Derm/o dermal______________________________ Electr/o electricity electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)_____________ -GRAM means “record.” Encephal/o brain electroencephalogram (EEG)_____________ This record is helpful in determining if a patient has a seizure disorder, such a epilepsy. Enter/o intestine enteritis_____________________________ (often the Figure shows the small and large intestines. small ENTER/O is used to describe the small intestine) intestine and COLON/O are the combining for the large intestine (colon).

18 Erythr/o red erythrocyte
-CYTE means “cell.” Figure below shows the three major types of blood cells. Gastr/o stomach Gastroscopy_______________________________ -SCOPY means “process of viewing.” Gnos/o knowledge diagnosis_______________________________ -SIS means “state of”; DIA-means “complete.” A diagnosis is the complete knowledge gained after testing and examining the patient. The Plural of diagnosis is diagnoses.

19 prognosis__________________________
PRO- means “before.” A prognosis is a prediction (“before knowledge”) that is actually made after the diagnosis. It forecasts the outcome of treatment. Gynec/o woman gynecology

20 Suffixes Word element placed at the end of a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech

21 Examples of Suffixes Suffix Medical word Meaning Gastr/o (stomach)
Combining Form Suffix Medical word Meaning Gastr/o (stomach) -itis (inflammation) Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach -megaly Gastromegaly Enlargement of the stomach -oma Gastroma Tumor of the stomach

22 The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body.
Suffix        Meaning    Example -algia pain arthralgia joints -cele hernia    gastrocele stomach -dynia pain, swelling urodynia urine -ectasis dilation, expansion bronchiolectasis bronchus -(a)emia   blood leuk(a)emia white -gen producing, beginning carcinogen cancer -iasis abnormal condition, formation of, presence of cholhgelithiasis gall stone

23 Suffix Meaning Example -itis inflammation hepatitis stomach -malacia
The following table consists of suffixes showing disease or change in the body. Suffix        Meaning    Example -itis   inflammation hepatitis stomach -malacia softening osteomalacia bone -megaly enlargement splenomegaly spleen -oid resemble fibroid fibres -oma tumour adenoma gland -osis abnormal condition, dermatosis skin

24 -pathy -penia -phagia -phasia -plegia -phobia Suffix disease
Meaning    Example -pathy   disease   nephropathy kidney -penia    decrease, deficiency erthyropenia red (cell) -phagia    eating, swallowing   dysphagia difficult -phasia speech aphasia without -plegia    paralysis, stroke      hemiplegia half -phobia    fear acrophobia heights

25 -ptosis -rrhage -rrhea -rrhexis -sclerosis -spasm
Suffix        Meaning    Example -ptosis   prolapse, falling dropping   blepharoptosis eyelid -rrhage burst haemorrhage blood -rrhea discharge, flow of watery stools diarrhea -rrhexis   rupture enterorrhexis intestines -sclerosis    hardening   artheriosclerosis joints -spasm   involuntary contraction, twitching bronchospasm bronchus

26 Suffixes used for diagnoses
Meaning    Example -gram record of data    encephalogram brain -graph instrument for recording cardiograph heart -graphy   act of recording data radiography -meter instrument for measuring     craniometer cranium -metry measurement of  audiometry audio (hearing) -scope     instrument for viewing laryngoscope larynx -scopy examination of laparoscopy abdomen

27 Suffixes: Surgery-incisions
These suffixes describe types of incisions made during surgery. Suffix Meaning Example -ectomy removal     mastectomy breast -centesis tap, puncture      thoracentesis chest -stomy mouth, forming an opening colostomy colon -tomy incision, to cut into tracheotomy trachea

28 reconstructing, or binding
The following suffixes also describe surgery in terms of repairing, rebuilding, reconstructing, or binding Suffix Meaning Example -desis binding , stabilization pleurodesis pleural membrane (lining of the lung) -rrhapy Suture, stitch   Arteriorrhaphy – artery -pexy fixation, suspension gastropexy stomach -plasty formation, plastic repair rhinoplasty nose     -clasis to break down,   refracture osteoclasis bone    -lysis loosen, free form adhesions, destruction enterolysis small intestine -tripsy to crush    cholelithotripsy gallstone

29 Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural or a diminutive of a larger word. Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are: Adjective endings Example -ac cadiac heart -al    skeletal skeleton -ary salivary saliva -ic pelvic pelvis

30 Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are:
The following suffixes show the word parts. In other words, these suffixes show whether a word is an adjective, noun, singular or plural or a diminutuve of a larger word. Adjective endings that mean "pertaining to" are: Adjective endings Example -ical surgical surgery    -ous venous vein -tic    paralytic paralysis -ar muscular muscles

31 These suffixes show the word is a noun.
Nouns endings These suffixes show the word is a noun. Noun endings Meaning Example -iac   indicates person afflicted with certain diseases or conditions hemophiliac -ia an unhealthy state anesthesia -is forms the noun from the root cutis skin -ism condition, state of being alcholism alcohol -ist   one who specializes radiologist radiology -y condition, process neuropathy nervous system disease

32 These suffixes show the word is a small version of a thing.
Diminutive ending Meaning Example -ole     artiole artery -icle         small, little minute particle piece -ule     veinule vein

33 These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
                                    Singular  Plural   Example Singular Plural a ae patella   patellae ax   aces thorax    throraces en ina lumen lumina ix or ex ices      index    indices

34 These suffixes indicate whether the noun is singular or plural.
                                    Singular  Plural   Example Singular Plural sis ses    diagnosis    diagnoses on    a ganglion   ganglia um a      ovum ova us i   digitus digiti y ies   deformity deformities ma mata   carcinoma carcinomata

35 b. Prefixes Word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or negation

36 Examples of Prefixes Intra- Muscul -ar Prefix Word Root Suffix
Medical Word Meaning Hyper- (above normal) Therm (heat) -ia (condition) Hyperthermia Condition of excessive heat Intra- (in, within) Muscul (muscle) -ar (relating to) Intramuscular Within the muscle

37 Insert table 3-1

38

39

40

41 Basic Rules Defining Medical Words Building Medical Words

42 Defining Medical Words
Rule #1 Define the suffix or last part of the word Rule #2 Define the first part of the word (word, root, combining form, or prefix) Rule #3 Define the middle parts of the word

43 Example of Defining Rules “Gastroenteritis”
Combining Form Middle Suffix Gastr/o Enter/ -itis Stomach Intestine inflammation Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1 Definition – inflammation of the stomach and intestine

44 Example of Defining Rules “Enterocolitis”
Combining Form Middle Suffix Enter/o col/ -itis Intestine colon inflammation Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 1 Definition – inflammation of the colon and intestine

45 Building Medical Words

46 Rule #1 A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel Example Hepat/ itis = hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Rule #2 A combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant Hepat/o cyte = hepatocyte Liver cell Rule #3 Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word Oste/o chondr/ itis =osteochondritis Inflammation of bone and cartilage

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53 The end

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