2. AUSTRALIAN ARMY CADETS CADET ADVANCED RADIO OPERATORS COURSE

3. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Topic 11 ANTENNAS

4. RADIO WAVES

5. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Wave RADIO WAVE – DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION crest  crest

6. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Wave RADIO WAVE – DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION  amplitude  crest  crest

7. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Wave   wavelength  RADIO WAVE – DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION  amplitude  crest  crest

8. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency

9. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency ONE WAVELENGTH IF TIME FOR EACH CREST TO TRAVEL BY ONE WAVELENGTH IS ONE SECOND….

10. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency IF TIME FOR EACH CREST TO TRAVEL BY ONE WAVELENGTH IS ONE SECOND…. THEN THE WAVE HAS A FREQUENCY OF 1 HERTZ (Hz)

11. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency IF TIME FOR EACH CREST TO TRAVEL BY ONE WAVELENGTH IS ONE SECOND…. THEN THE WAVE HAS A FREQUENCY OF 1 HERTZ (Hz) A FREQUENCY OF 1000 Hz IS CALLED A KILOHERTZ (kHz) [i.e. ‘1000 crests per second’]

12. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency IF TIME FOR EACH CREST TO TRAVEL BY ONE WAVELENGTH IS ONE SECOND, THE WAVE HAS A FREQUENCY OF 1 HERTZ (Hz) A FREQUENCY OF 1000 Hz IS CALLED A KILOHERTZ (kHz) A FREQUENCY OF 1 MILLION Hz IS CALLED A MEGAHERTZ (MHz) [‘1 million crests per second’]

13. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency bands RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS DesignationAbbreviationFrequency band

14. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency bands RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS Designation High frequency Abbreviation HF Frequency band 3-30 MHz

15. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency bands RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS Designation High frequency Very high frequency Abbreviation HFVHF Frequency band 3-30 MHz 30-300 MHz

16. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency bands RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS Designation High frequency Very high frequency Ultra High Frequency Abbreviation HF VHFUHF Frequency band 3-30 MHz 30-300 MHz 300-3000 MHz

17. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Radio Frequency bands RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS Designation High frequency Very high frequency Ultra High Frequency Abbreviation HF VHF UHF Frequency band 3-30 MHz 30-300 MHz 300-3000 MHz VHF EXAMPLE – THE AN/PRC-77 RADIO SET IS A VHF RADIO WHICH OPERATES IN THE 30 – 80 MHz RANGE

18. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What is an antenna?

19. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What is an antenna? l An antenna is a conductor used to radiate or collect radio waves

20. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What is an antenna? l An antenna is a conductor used to radiate or collect radio waves electrical voltage l When an antenna receives a radio signal, it turns electromagnetic energy into electrical voltage

21. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What is an antenna? l An antenna is a conductor used to radiate or collect radio waves When an antenna receives a radio signal, it turns electromagnetic energy into electrical voltage changing voltage l During transmission it turns changing voltage into electromagnetic energy

22. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What is an antenna? l An antenna is a conductor used to radiate or collect radio waves When an antenna receives a radio signal, it turns electromagnetic energy into electrical voltage l During transmission it turns changing voltage into electromagnetic energy l The most basic antenna is a piece of wire

23. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? l Radio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as:

24. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? l Radio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as: effects of the ionosphere

25. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? lRadio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as: effects of the ionosphere frequency of the radio waves

26. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? lRadio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as: effects of the ionosphere frequency of the radio waves obstacles such as trees, hill and buildings

27. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? lRadio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as: effects of the ionosphere frequency of the radio waves obstacles such as trees, hill and buildings power lines

28. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? lRadio waves are reduced in power, or ‘attenuated’, by factors such as: effects of the ionosphere frequency of the radio waves obstacles such as trees, hill and buildings power lines distance from the transmitter

29. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? No matter how strong the transmission power, the further the distance from the transmitter, the weaker the signal received will be.

30. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 What factors reduce power of radio waves? No matter how strong the transmission power, the further the distance from the transmitter, the weaker the signal received will be. Eventually the signal becomes so weak that natural and atmospheric noise are greater than the original signal

31. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Why are antennas needed? An antenna is necessary to collect radio signals, which are then amplified in a radio set and converted into audible sounds

32. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of antenna length

33. Calculation of antenna length l For greatest efficiency an antenna should be one wavelength long

34. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of antenna length l For greatest efficiency an antenna should be one wavelength long l Wavelength calculated from formula:

35. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of antenna length l For greatest efficiency an antenna should be one wavelength long l Wavelength calculated from formula: wavelength =300,000,000 0 frequency (in hertz)

36. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of antenna length l For greatest efficiency an antenna should be one wavelength long l Wavelength calculated from formula: wavelength =300,000,000 0 frequency (in hertz) = 300 frequency (in megahertz)

37. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of antenna length l For greatest efficiency an antenna should be one wavelength long l Wavelength calculated from formula: wavelength =300,000,000 0 frequency (in hertz) = 300 frequency (in megahertz) =antenna length (in metres)

38. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of wavelength Example- Radio Set AN/PRC-77, operating in 30 – 80 MHz range

39. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of wavelength l Example- Radio Set AN/PRC-77, operating in 30 – 80 MHz range l Wavelength calculated from formula: at frequency of 30 MHz wavelength =300 30 = 10 metres

40. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Calculation of wavelength l Example- Radio Set AN/PRC-77, operating in 30 – 80 MHz range l Wavelength calculated from formula: at frequency of 80 MHz wavelength =300 80 = 3.75 metres

41. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas

42. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas l It is often impractical to use such a long antenna in the field

43. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas l It is often impractical to use such a long antenna in the field l Antennas can still be effective if their physical length is reduced but efficiency will be slightly reduced.

44. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas l It is often impractical to use such a long antenna in the field l Antennas can still be effective if their physical length is reduced but efficiency will be slightly reduced. l The reduction in length must be in one of the following fractions of wavelength: 3 / 8 or 5 / 8 or 7 / 8

45. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas l It is often impractical to use such a long antenna in the field l Antennas can still be effective if their physical length is reduced but efficiency will be slightly reduced. l The reduction in length must be in one of the following fractions of wavelength: 3 / 8 or 5 / 8 or 7 / 8 ¼ or ¾

46. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Reducing length of antennas l It is often impractical to use such a long antenna in the field l Antennas can still be effective if their physical length is reduced but efficiency will be slightly reduced. l The reduction in length must be in one of the following fractions of wavelength: 3 / 8 or 5 / 8 or 7 / 8 ¼ or ¾ ½

47. ‘End Effect’

48. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading’ to antenna

49. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading to antenna l This makes antenna behave as if it is longer electrically than it is physically

50. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading to antenna l This makes antenna behave as if it is longer electrically than it is physically l This is called ‘end effect’

51. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading to antenna l This makes antenna behave as if it is longer electrically than it is physically l This is called ‘end effect’ l End effect makes antenna resonate at lower frequency than set on radio

52. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading to antenna l This makes antenna behave as if it is longer electrically than it is physically l This is called ‘end effect’ l End effect makes antenna resonate at lower frequency than set on radio l This is overcome by reducing length of antenna by 5%

53. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Insulators etc used to support antenna cause additional ‘loading to antenna l This makes antenna behave as if it is longer electrically than it is physically l This is called ‘end effect’ l End effect makes antenna resonate at lower frequency than set on radio l This is overcome by reducing length of antenna by 5% l Most common way to reduce antenna length is to use quarter wave antenna (1/4 of wavelength in length).

54. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Formula to calculate antenna length, quarter wave antenna, accounting for end effect, is:

55. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ l Formula to calculate antenna length, quarter wave antenna, accounting for end effect, is: l Antenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ frequency (MHz)

56. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ lFormula to calculate antenna length, quarter wave antenna, accounting for end effect, is: lAntenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ frequency (MHz) l Example, AN/PRC-77 radio set operating on 30 MHz Antenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ 30 = 2.375 metres

57. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 ‘End Effect’ lFormula to calculate antenna length, quarter wave antenna, accounting for end effect, is: lAntenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ frequency (MHz) lExample, AN/PRC-77 radio set operating on 30 MHz Antenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ 30 = 2.375 metres l Example, AN/PRC-77 radio set operating on 30 MHz Antenna length (metres) = 71.25_________ 80 = 0.89 metres

58. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Types of Antennas

59. Types of Antennas l There are basically 3 types of antennas 1.Omni-directional 2.Bi-directional 3.Uni-directional

60. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Omni-directional antennas l Omni-directional antennas are capable of transmitting in all directions

61. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Omni-directional antennas l Omni-directional antennas are capable of transmitting in all directions l Vertical antennas are omni-directional antennas

62. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Omni-directional antennas l Omni-directional antennas are capable of transmitting in all directions l Vertical antennas are omni-directional antennas Vertical antennas are the most widely used in field environment because:

63. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Omni-directional antennas l Omni-directional antennas are capable of transmitting in all directions l Vertical antennas are omni-directional antennas Vertical antennas are the most widely used in field environment because: they are easy to erect in ‘whip’ configuration they can be used with mobile radios

64. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Types of vertical antennas

65. Types of vertical antennas l manpack whip antennas

66. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Types of vertical antennas l manpack whip antennas l vertical wire antennas

67. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Types of vertical antennas l manpack whip antennas l vertical wire antennas l vehicle dipole antennas

68. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Types of vertical antennas l manpack whip antennas l vertical wire antennas l vehicle dipole antennas l elevated antennas

69. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas

70. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas

71. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas l example – long (3 metre) foldable multi- section or ‘whip’ antenna - Radio Set AN/PRC-77

72. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas l example – log (3 metre) foldable multi- section or ‘whip’ antenna - Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l ‘broadband’ – suitable for range of frequencies

73. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas l example – log (3 metre) foldable multi- section or ‘whip’ antenna - Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l ‘broadband’ – suitable for range of frequencies l designed so that casing of radio set is ‘ground reflecting element’ of antenna

74. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas l example – log (3 metre) foldable multi- section or ‘whip’ antenna - Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l normally ‘broadband’ – suitable for range of frequencies l designed so that casing of radio set is ‘ground reflecting element’ of antenna l used to aid camouflage and mobility

75. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Manpack whip antennas l types include: battle whip (or low profile) antennas rod antennas l example – log (3 metre) foldable multi- section or ‘whip’ antenna - Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l normally ‘broadband’ – suitable for range of frequencies l designed so that casing of radio set is the ‘ground reflecting element’ of the antenna l used to aid camouflage and mobility l if broken, a piece of wire – the same length as the original – can be used as a substitute

76. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 WIREANTENNASWIREANTENNAS VERTICALVERTICAL

77. Vertical wire antennas l If whip cannot be repaired, a substitute vertical wire antenna can be made –

78. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Vertical wire antennas l If whip cannot be repaired, a substitute vertical wire antenna can be made – one wavelength is ideal (but a quarter of one wavelength could also be used = ‘quarter wave antenna’)

79. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Vertical wire antennas l If whip cannot be repaired, a substitute vertical wire antenna can be made – one wavelength is ideal (but a quarter of one wavelength could also be used = ‘quarter wave antenna’)

80. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Vertical wire antennas l If whip cannot be repaired, a substitute vertical wire antenna can be made – one wavelength is ideal (but a quarter of one wavelength could also be used = ‘quarter wave antenna’) rope ties insulator to tree  insulator   antenna wire   radio set  earth 

81. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Vertical wire antennas l If whip cannot be repaired, a substitute vertical wire antenna can be made – one wavelength is ideal (but a quarter of one wavelength could also be used = ‘quarter wave antenna’) rope ties insulator to tree  insulator   antenna wire   radio set  earth   rope wrapped around tree to hold substitute vertical antenna in place

82. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically

83. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) xx

84. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an inverted ‘L’ xx

85. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an inverted ‘L’ l ‘a’ radiates ground wave. ‘b’ radiates sky wave. xx

86. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an ‘inverted ‘L’ l ‘a’ radiates ground wave. ‘b’ radiates sky wave. l ‘a’ should be as long as possible xx

87. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an ‘inverted ‘L’ l ‘a’ radiates ground wave. ‘b’ radiates sky wave. l ‘a’ should be as long as possible xx ‘a’+‘b’ add up to a quarter of a wave-length = /4

88. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an ‘inverted ‘L’ l ‘a’ radiates ground wave. ‘b’ radiates sky wave. l ‘a’ should be as long as possible xx ‘a’+‘b’ add up to a quarter of a wave- length = /4 Remaining supports are insulated from antenna

89. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Inverted ‘L’ antenna l Supports may not be high enough for a full wavelength or quarter wavelength antenna to be erected vertically l In this case, the top may be bent over horizontally (‘b’) l This resembles an ‘inverted ‘L’ l ‘a’ radiates ground wave. ‘b’ radiates sky wave. l ‘a’ should be as long as possible xx ‘a’+‘b’ add up to a quarter of a wave- length = /4 Remaining supports are insulated from antenna symbol  in diagram represents insulator

90. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Dipole antenna l Made from two lengths of straight conductor (metal wire)

91. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Dipole antenna l Made from two lengths of straight conductor (metal wire) l Transmitted waves will be either horizontally or vertically ‘polarised’ depending on whether antenna is horizontal or vertical.

92. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Dipole antenna l Made from two lengths of straight conductor (metal wire) l Transmitted waves will be either horizontally or vertically ‘polarised’ depending on whether antenna is horizontal or vertical. Half-wave dipole antenna

93. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Dipole antenna l Made from two lengths of straight conductor (metal wire) l Transmitted waves will be either horizontally or vertically ‘polarised’ depending on whether antenna is horizontal or vertical. Half-wave dipole antenna l Receiving and transmitting antennas need to be either both horizontal or both vertical.

94. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Folded dipole antennas l A single rod of one half wavelength can be folded over

95. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Folded dipole antennas l A single rod of one half wavelength can be folded over l Its folded length is still half a wavelength

96. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Folded dipole antennas l A single rod of one half wavelength can be folded over. l Its folded length is still half a wavelength l This minimises signal loss

97. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Folded dipole antennas l A single rod of one half wavelength can be folded over. l Its folded length is still half a wavelength l This minimises signal loss Folded half-wave dipole antenna

98. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas

99. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas l Communications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased

100. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas l Communications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased l This helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles

101. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas l Communications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased l This helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles l This increases possibility of ‘line-of-sight’ between transmitting an receiving antennas

102. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas l Communications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased l This helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles l This increases possibility of ‘line-of-sight’ between transmitting an receiving antennas l Elevation of antennas can be increased by:

103. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas l Communications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased l This helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles l This increases possibility of ‘line-of-sight’ between transmitting an receiving antennas l Elevation of antennas can be increased by: Placing radio on higher ground

104. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas lCommunications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased lThis helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles lThis increases possibility of ‘line-of-sight’ between transmitting an receiving antennas lElevation of antennas can be increased by: Placing radio on higher ground Hoisting antenna up tall objects

105. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Elevated antennas lCommunications in the VHF band will be more effective if the height of the antenna can be increased lThis helps especially if antenna is lifted above height of surrounding obstacles lThis increases possibility of ‘line-of-sight’ between transmitting an receiving antennas lElevation of antennas can be increased by: Placing radio on higher ground Hoisting antenna up tall objects Placing antenna up a tall mast (e.g. RC-292 Radio Antenna Equipment mast)

106. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 ANTENNA EQUIPMENT

107. RC-292 Antenna equipment RC-292 ANTENNA EQUIPMENT

108. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77

109. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna

110. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional

111. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional l Antenna can be elevated on 30 ft ( 9 m) (maximum) vertical mast (interlocking tubing sections) held in place by guy ropes & ground stakes

112. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional l Antenna can be elevated on 30 ft ( 9 m) (maximum) vertical mast (interlocking tubing sections) held in place by guy ropes & ground stakes l Ht of assembled equipt to highest pt varies from 37 ft (11 m) to 41.5 ft (12.45 m)

113. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional l Antenna can be elevated on 30 ft ( 9 m) (maximum) vertical mast (interlocking tubing sections) held in place by guy ropes & ground stakes l Ht of assembled equipt to highest pt varies from 37 ft (11 m) to 41.5 ft (12.45 m) l Weighs 48 pounds (21.8 kg) complete

114. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional l Antenna can be elevated on 30 ft ( 9 m) (maximum) vertical mast (interlocking tubing sections) held in place by guy ropes & ground stakes l Ht of assembled equipt to highest pt varies from 37 ft (11 m) to 41.5 ft (12.45 m) l Weighs 48 pounds (21.8 kg) complete l Can be carried by two pers in special pack

115. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 RC-292 Antenna equipment l Demountable antenna system designed to increase range of Radio Set AN/PRC-77 l Elevated mast-mounted ground plane antenna. l Omni-directional l Antenna can be elevated on 30 ft ( 9 m) (maximum) vertical mast (interlocking tubing sections) held in place by guy ropes & ground stakes l Ht of assembled equipt to highest pt varies from 37 ft (11 m) to 41.5 ft (12.45 m) l Weighs 48 pounds (21.8 kg) complete l Can be carried by two pers in special pack l Can be set up by 2 pers in 15 mins

116. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Antenna part comprises: RC-292 Antenna equipment VERTICAL ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR GROUND PLANE ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR, PER ELEMENT ANTENNA BASE MP-68 TAPE

117. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Antenna part comprises: l antenna base RC-292 Antenna equipment VERTICAL ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR GROUND PLANE ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR, PER ELEMENT ANTENNA BASE MP-68 TAPE

118. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Antenna part comprises: l antenna base l one vertical radiating antenna element RC-292 Antenna equipment VERTICAL ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR GROUND PLANE ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR, PER ELEMENT ANTENNA BASE MP-68 TAPE

119. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Antenna part comprises: l antenna base l one vertical radiating antenna element three ground plan elements at angle of 142 º to vertical element RC-292 Antenna equipment VERTICAL ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR GROUND PLANE ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR, PER ELEMENT ANTENNA BASE MP-68 TAPE

120. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 Antenna part comprises: l antenna base l one vertical radiating antenna element and three ground plan elements at angle of 142 º to vertical element. Elements can be adjusted in length by adding or subtracting metal tubing sections. RC-292 Antenna equipment VERTICAL ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR GROUND PLANE ELEMENT (ONE, TWO,OR THREE MAST SECTIONS AB-21/GR, AND ONE EACH OF MAST SECTIONS AB-22/GR, AB-23/GR, AND AB-24/GR, PER ELEMENT ANTENNA BASE MP-68 TAPE

121. ©LTCOL G.R. Newman-Martin 2011 QUESTIONS?