1. A fMRI approach to probe CNS interaction Wei Chen, MD, MS. Modality : Animal MRI Mentor : Professor Seong-Gi Kim Kim’s Lab Faculty : Seong-Gi Kim, Tae Kim, Tao Jin, Hiro Fukuda, Alberto Vazquez. Lab Manager: Ping Wang

2.  Functional MR imaging has been widely used to map brain functions. Due to slow hemodynamic responses, neural interaction between brain areas has not been easily investigated by fMRI.  This study was designed to examine neural interaction between two hemispheres by using bilateral somatosensory stimuli based on Ogawa et al. works (2000). Background

3.  In 2000, Ogawa et al. monitored rats’ brain BOLD response to left and right forepaw stimulation with the different interstimulus interval (ISI). Seiji Ogawa, et al,PNAS, 2000. 0 msec ROI Left Right Right Hemisphere Simultaneously stimulate both sides’ forepaw

4. Seiji Ogawa, et al,PNAS, 2000. ~40 msec ROI Left Right Right -> Left forepaw stimulation 40 ms 75 ms Right Hemisphere Interaction between left and right hemisphere occurs when time interval between two stimuli is ~40 ms.

5. Based on the Ogawa et al. studies, this animal study was conducted to  Reproduce the bilateral forepaw stimuli approach at 9.4 T.  Test the changed protocol Change anesthetic from alpha-chloralose (for terminal studies) to isoflurane (for survival studies) Use contrast agent, monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle (MION) to enhance the MRI sensitivity. Task

6.  Pulse width = 1.0ms, current = 1.2-1.5mA RR L ISI L 1 sec 1 Hz Left forepaw stimulation was given by following the right forepaw stimulation with the ISI = 0, 40 and 83ms. Design (fMRI approach ) Right Left Pulse generatorConstant current isolator

7. fMRI measurement 9.4-T MR system (Varian, Palo Alto, CA). fMRI experiments: Gradient EPI, TE =20 ms (11ms with MION), TR=500 ms Data matrix = 64 x 32 (readout direction x phase-encoding direction) FOV= 32 x 16 mm (right--left hemisphere x dorsal--ventral directions). The power of the radio frequency pulse was adjusted to maximize the signals at the targeted somatosensory cortex. Number of slices: 3 Each run: Total 60-80 images with the following diagram 0 10-20 s10 s 30-40 s

8. Postprocessing of fMRI data Software: MATLAB & STIMULATE

9. Common approaches: parametric statistical methods such as the t test or cross-correlation (CC). Use CC > 0.35 as a threshold. 1. Generate a BOLD map from a fMRI data set. Image # (x 0.5 s)

10. 1% 10% BOLD fMRI Maps with ISI = 0 ms Scan #1 Scan #2 Scan #3

11. 2. Check ROI time courses of Scan #1 Left S1FL Right S1FL LR Image # (x 0.5 s) Intensity

12. 3. Check three scans’ Left S1FL baseline fluctuations The reproducibility of fMRI signals is hampered because of trial-by-trial variations in baseline physiology (and in evoked responses). Normalized Intensity Image # (x 0.5 s)

13. 4. BOLD fMRI with ISI = 40 ms 1% 10% Scan #1 Scan #2 Scan #3 Left S1FLRight S1FL The three scans’ average time course Intensity Image # (x 0.5 s) L R

14. 5. Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) weighted fMRI In typical fMRI studies, neural activity induces BOLD signal increases. After the injection of contrast agents, negative signal changes were observed, mainly in tissue area. These changes are directly related to blood volume changes.

15. 6. Representative average maps of seven scans -10% -1% Left S1FL Right S1FL ISI = 0ms ISI = 40ms ISI = 80ms LR Intensity Image # (x 0.5 s)

16. Conclusions 1.The reproducible BOLD activation in S1 areas in this animal was not seen clearly. The reason can be that isoflurane reduces BOLD signal changes (T. Kim et al. 2010) at 1 Hz stimulation, which may not be detectable due to limited signal averaging. T. Kim et al. / NeuroImage 52 (2010) 224–233

17. 2. Subject physiology condition is very important for reproducible fMRI studies. 3. It is very important to understand the effect of anesthetic on hemodynamic responses for animal fMRI studies. 4. Contrast agents are very helpful for enhancing the MRI sensitivity. Conclusions

18. What I have learned Rigorous examinations of fMRI data are essential. It is very important to have a proper choice of the statistical methods. Maintaining good physiological condition is very important for animal fMRI studies. An active voxel may not necessarily mean that neuronal activity is present in that region, but may be due to artifacts including hemodynamic signals that do not exactly colocalize with the neuronal activity sites. It is necessary to make more scans or more number of subjects to get the repeatable fMRI data.

19. Acknowledgements: The MNTP Summer Workshop all the training faculty and TA(Drs. William Eddy, Mark Wheeler, Charles Laymon, Kwan-Jin Jung, et al ) The MNTP Peers Tomika Cohen, Rebecca Clark, 9.4 T Manager : Kristy Hendrich System Administrator and postdoc: Shafiq Abedin and Yuguang Meng