1. The visual pathways

2. Ventral pathway receptive field properties 0 1 TE receptive field V4 receptive field V1 receptive field

3. “What” and “Where” visual streams From: Mishkin, Ungerleider & Macko (1983)

4. Functional organization of the visual system Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth. Livingstone & Hubel, 1988

5. Magno and parvo pathways Origin of visual pathways: The LGN

6. Contributions of M and P pathways to vision Schiller & Logothetis, 1990 DiscriminationDetection Which stimulus is the “odd one out”? Where is the target stimulus? Experimental Conditions

7. Shape perception is impaired at isoluminance

8. Major Behavioral Results of “M” and “P” Lesions in the LGN Normal Deficit Function TestedResult of “P” Lesion Result of “M” Lesion Color vision Texture Perception Pattern Perception Acuity Contrast Perception Flicker Perception

9. The monkey & human cortex

10. Hierarchy of visual processing stages

12. Vision for action Object recognition Goodale & Milner 1992

13. Goodale & milner’s Subject DF Objects> scrambled objects James et al., 2003

14. A set of 12 asymmetric shapes Same set was used for: 1)same/different discrimination. 2)Grasping movements

15. Comparing RV and DF in the same/different task

16. Points of 2-finger grasping

17. MRI vs. fMRI  neural activity   blood oxygen   fMRI signal MRI fMRI one image high resolution (1 mm) low resolution (3 mm) fMRI Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal indirect measure of neural activity … Source: Jody Culham’s fMRI for Dummies web sitefMRI for Dummies

18. Physiological basis of fMRI

20. Statistical Map superimposed on anatomical MRI image ~12s Functional images Time Condition 1 Condition 2... ~ 9 min Time fMRI Signal (% change) ROI Time Course Condition Activation Statistics Region of interest (ROI) Source: Jody Culham’s fMRI for Dummies web sitefMRI for Dummies

21. A Look at D.F. ’ s brain Objects> scrambled objects

22. An event related fMRI of DF’s grasping

23. The Ebbinghaus illusion

24. Dissociation of perception and action in the Ebbinghaus illusion

25. Shmuelof & Zohary, Neuron 2005

26. fMRI study: Viewing object manipulation clips Signa Horizon 1.5T GE scanner. Gradient-echo EPI sequence (TR = 3000, TE = 55, flip angle = 90 , FOV: 24  24 cm 2 ). 27 nearly-axial slices of 4mm thickness and 1mm gap. T1-weighted high resolution (1  1  1mm) anatomical images

27. LeftRight Hand Experiment 1 – laterality effect Object "Name the object” Action “how many fingers touch the object?” Task

28. Action vs. Object representation >

29. FuG * % signal change sec * Regions Of Interest analysis > n=11 Left hemisphere Right hemisphere aIPS ** aIPS FuG

30. Task-related activation Action-oriented task Object-oriented task jar two n=11 <

31. Experiment 2 – Object vs. Grasp adaptation effect time

32. Object-based Vs. Grasping-based Adaptation

33. Regions Of Interest analysis Object-based adaptation in ventral ROIs. Grasping-based adaptation in dorsal ROIs. % signal change aIPS FuG So Sg So Dg Do Sg Do Dg

34. Milner and Goodale’s conceptual novelty The division between these streams is task rather than stimulus based. Rather than a division of stimulus attributes – the division relates to “how it’s going to be used”