1. FTP Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.protocolfilesInternet works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the InternetHTTPserver SMTPelectronic mail uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.TCP/IP most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).downloadupload

2. Example: ftp unix.lsbu.ac.uk Will enable to move in/out, list and delete files from your university’s unix account. FTP will work either from a command prompt screen or from within a folder FTP

3. TELNET A terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks (e.g. the Internet. terminal emulation TCP/IP networks Internet runs on your computer and connects your PC to a server on the network. server you can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the server console. commands console enables you to control the server and communicate with other servers on the network. to start a Telnet session, you must log in to a server by entering a valid username and password. username password Telnet is a common way to remotely control Web servers. remotely control Web servers

4. Telnet Type telnet unix.lsbu.ac.uk And you will be able to emulate your unix account at your local computer. Don’t forget your ID and password!

5. Unix Basics An operating system is that piece of software which lets you interact with hardware in your computer. For example, when to call CPU, when to store in Memory, when to read from Disk, how to connect to outside world is all being done on any Operating systems in any computer at all the time, oblivious to the user. Then this operating systems is put in a package before selling to us, just like when you buy chocolates.

6. The package around which this operating systems is wrapped is called User Interface in computing terminology. Some developers like Microsoft spend more time on developing this user interface than the real operating systems, –like Windows 95, even VISTA! –others like Sun solaris had spendtmore time on reliability and strength of the operating systems rather then how user interacts with it. That's the big difference between Unix and Windows OS (and all the other microsoft products).

7. Unix is more powerful, more reliable, can do much more work, much faster and you do not need to reboot your computer everyday. Only problem is that many people get put off by the command line user interface. But things are changing now and even unix has its own version of X windows. Learning different command on Unix is quite an experience. Unix operating systems uses many different user interfaces depending upon the user:

8. different command line interfaces are called Shells : –Ksh (korn shell), –Bash, (bourne Again Shell), –csh (C shell), etc. The core of unix is called kernel. Kernel interacts with hardware, software and user interface (i.e. Shell). When you enter a command to add two numbers, kernel converts the ascii english like command to the binary language and pass these binary bits of 1's and 0's to cpu byte by byte

9. –kernel sends it out to standard output (screen) after converting them back to decimal number notation which we all use. –To see what Shell you are using, type echo $SHELL