1. Start of GCSE! http://www.sciencebud dies.org/science-fair- projects/science_caree rs.shtml

2. Chemistry

3. How science works ideas conclusion observation prediction questions testing reliable evidence

4. So what do I need to do to make sure I get the best grade possible ? In the past Successful students have: 1.-Completed all class work 2.-Completed all homework 3.-Asked questions when they did not understand something (in and outside of lessons). 4.-Looked up parts of the topics they found difficult to understand. 5.-Regularly looked over their notes. 6.-Copied up their notes into neat revision aids 7.-Practised past exam questions 8.-Got friends and family to test their knowledge 9.-Attended revision sessions.

5. Chapter 1 States of Matter Card sort

6. Describe the ways that particles are arranged in a solid a liquid and a gas (4-6)

8. Kinetic particles theory 1.Particles are attracted to each other, some strongly others weakly. 2.Particles move randomly 3.Particles have kinetic energy (they can move) 4.How much they move (kinetic energy) depends on temperature.

9. Particle A small unit of matter with similar characteristics. A few examples of particles are Task-2 mins to find and state at least 3 examples (no more than 1 sentence each) Stuck ? Remember the 4 B’s Brain Board Book Buddy

11. Chapter 1 States of Matter shape volume Particle arrangement Can it be compressed ? Particles motion Forces between particles shape volume Particle arrangement Can it be compressed ? Particles motion Forces between particles Chapter 1 States of Matter A substance can be a solid liquid or a gas it has different characteristics in each state the differences are due to the way particles are arranged and move.

12. Lesson 2 Kinetic theory and diffusion Starter Title and date complete exam question 12/4/2015

13. Lesson 2 Kinetic theory and diffusion

15. Aims 12/4/2015 Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random molecular bombardment State evidence for Brownian motion Describe qualitatively the pressure and temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles Describe and explain diffusion Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension (sometimes known as Brownian motion) as evidence for the kinetic particle (atoms, molecules or ions) model of matter Describe and explain dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass

16. Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation a. Draw and label changes of state

17. Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation b. Describe changes in terms of kinetic theory. Kinetic theory is the theory used to explain how particles move. all matter is made of particles Particles move randomly The amount of energy particles have determines their state (overcoming the forces of attraction).

18. Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation Melting. As you increase the temp. of a solid, you give the particles more ………………. At the m…………. P………… particles have enough energy to break from their l……………and slip and slide over each other. Boiling At the b.p. of a liquid the particles have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces between particles (forces of attraction), so the particles separate and become a vapor or a gas. Extension The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius. So why does a puddle evaporate on a hot day ?

19. B A DC Some particles have more energy than others. In a closed container particles with enough energy will evaporate. An equilibrium between evaporation and condensation will occur.

20. Acompressible, fluid Bnon-compressible, fluid Ccompressible, no fixed shape Dnon-compressible, very low density 2. Which of the following describes a liquid?

21. 3. Which of these is only true for a gas? Acan flow Bexerts pressure on its container Cwill occupy the whole of the container it is placed in Dhas no shape of its own

22. Diffusion 1 Diffusion is SPREADING OUT,,,the movement of one type of particle into and through another. For example, the smell of after-shave or perfume diffuses across a room. Particles do not “try “ to spread out. They move randomly so eventually will spread out. Methane particles travel at about 600m/s But why don´t we smell a fart in 1 second ? -each particle is moving in a different direction and bouncing off other air particles. Insects communicate by smells that diffuse through the air.

23. Brownian movement and diffusion http://labs.minutelabs.io/Brownian-Motion/ BROWNIAN MOTION IS THE RANDOM MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES

24. Brownian movement and diffusion Botanist Brown Discovery

25. In 1827 Robert Brown was studying pollen grains under a microscope. The pollen grains were suspended in water. He noticed that they were jiggling about. He was annoyed because this was messing up his experiment. He went to bed. In the morning he hoped this movement had stopped when he restarted his investigations but the pollen grains were still moving around. Then he got interested. He found the same effect with tiny fragments of wood, window glass and stone dust. In water the tiny particles jiggled about.

26. This motion is now called Brownian motion after Mr Brown but he couldn’t explain it DESCRIBE what you observed EXPLAIN

27. Einstein explained Brownian motion in 1905 Einstein realised that Brown’s discovery was a crucial piece of evidence to support the kinetic theory of matter. The pollen grains are bumped by invisible water molecules making them move randomly Although pollen grains are 10 000 times larger than the water molecules, the water molecules are able to push them around when they collide with them. This is what causes the jerky and unpredictable movement of the pollen grains.

28. Brownian motion Einstein's Explanation of Brownian Motion I described it first! But I explained it!

29. BROWNIAN MOTION copy and complete Brownian motion is the r_______movement of particles suspended in a f______ (i.e. a liquid or gas). Brownian motion happens when particles that are f_____ to move around C_______ of P________ make them bounce off each other in different directions to create the random paths we observe the particles taking.

30. Kelvin Temperature The kelvin Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Note that they are not all travelling at the same speed.

31. Temperature The hotter the temperature, the faster the average speed of the particles Note that they are not all travelling at the same speed.

32. CONSOLIDATING WHAT WE HAVE LEARNT C. DESCRIBE OBSERVATIONS B. EXPLAIN OBERVATIONS USING BROWNIAN MOTION OR PARTICLE THEORY A. DETAIL AND CONSISE EXPLANATIONS USING SCIENTIFIC VOLCABULARY

33. Example 1. Describe what happens when the glass jar lids are removed. The brown bromine gas starts to diffuse through the colourless air and the colourless air will start to diffuse through the brown bromine gas. After a long period of time both glass jars will look the same pale brown colour. Start End colours State Keyword

34. Example 1. Explain these observations. Particles move randomly. When the gas jar lids are removed the bromine and air particles are free to move in both gas jars, this spreading out is called diffusion. It does not happen immediately because each particle is bouncing off endless air particles on its way. Key word Kinetic theory Explaining why it takes so long

35. Example 1. Describe what happens when the glass jar lids are removed. The brown bromine gas starts to diffuse through the colourless air and the colourless air will start to diffuse through the brown bromine gas. After a long period of time both glass jars will look the same pale brown colour. Start End colours State Keyword

36. Example 1. Explain these observations. Particles move randomly. When the gas jar lids are removed the bromine and air particles are free to move in both gas jars, this spreading out is called diffusion. It does not happen immediately because each particle is bouncing off endless air particles on its way. Key word Kinetic theory Explaining why it takes so long

37. To Describe and explain 1.A Potassium permanganate crystal in cold water. Describe- Explain- 2. A potassium permanganate crystal in hot water. Describe- Explain- 3. State 3 pieces of evidence for Brownian motion

38. Diffusion- plenary Pick one question Read the possible answers Which answer best answers the question and why ? Be ready to share your ideas

39. Diffusion- Starter

40. Diffusion- plenary

42. 12/4/2015 Lesson 3 Gases, pressure, exam technique Title and date As you pump up a tire the pressure increases, why ?

43. Pressure in a gas Collisions of the gas particles with the side of a container give rise to a force, which is measured as the pressure of the gas

44. EXAM ANSWER What is gas pressure? In a sealed container, gas particles move randomly and repeatedly collide with the walls of the container. Every time a gas molecule hits the wall of the container it exerts a force. If there are millions of molecules then the number of molecules hitting the walls of the container is always the same and so the force per unit area is constant..

45. EXAM ANSWER What is gas pressure? There are two factor which can effect gas pressure -volume and temperature

46. Down load link http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas- properties

47. Exam questions 1.Explain why the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases when its temperature is increased ? (3)

48. H/W due next Monday Pg 14 Q 3 a-d 4 a-c 7.

49. Task 1. Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation b. Describe changes in terms of kinetic theory. Kinetic theory is the theory used to explain how particles move. all matter is made of particles Particles move randomly The amount of energy particles have determines their state (overcoming the forces of attraction).

50. Lesson 2 changes of state heating and cooling curves. Aims Follow safety instructions (5) Follow instructions carefully (5) EVERYONE to make accurate recordings in a well drawn table (5) Plot a graph of steric acid cooling curve (5) 12/4/2015

51. Why are their plateaus ?

52. time

56. Steric acid cooling curve Independent variable (thing you change) Dependent variable (thing you measure in response to change)

57. Practical

58. Steric acid cooling curve Set up apparatus as in diagram Heat water bath to 90 o C Remove boiling tube using clamp Begin to time Measurements should be taken every 30 s Prize for best plotted cooling curve

59. 10 (2)-set Friday (theory lesson) Collect Tuesday (prac lesson) 10(4)-Set Monday (theory lesson) Collect Friday (prac lesson)

60. 12/4/2015 Gases, pressure, exam technique 1.Title and date 2.Worksheet As you pump up a tire the pressure increases, why ?

61. Boiling point Melting point Liquid solid gas

62. Pressure in a gas Collisions of the gas particles with the side of a container give rise to a force, which is measured as the pressure of the gas

63. EXAM ANSWER What is gas pressure? In a sealed container, gas particles move randomly and repeatedly collide with the walls of the container. Every time a gas molecule hits the wall of the container it exerts a force. If there are millions of molecules then the number of molecules hitting the walls of the container is always the same and so the force per unit area is constant..

64. EXAM ANSWER What is gas pressure? There are two factor which can effect gas pressure -volume and temperature

65. Down load link http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas- properties

66. Exam questions 1.Explain why the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases when its temperature is increased ? (3)

67. Diffusion- plenary Pick one question Read the possible answers Which answer best answers the question and why ? Be ready to share your ideas

68. Diffusion- plenary

71. H/W due next Monday Pg 14 Q 3 a-d 4 a-c 7.

72. 12/4/2015 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric acid experiment Which as do you think will diffuse (spread out) a. fastest ? B. slowest ? Mr 10 Mr 20 Big and lightSmall and lightSmall and heavy Big and heavy

73. 12/4/2015 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric acid experiment How heavy something s for its size is called ? Density We not use-bigger, smaller, lighter or heavier. We must use either -density or relative molar mass.

74. 12/4/2015 Lesson 3 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric acid experiment Two factors that effect rate of diffusion: -Temperature (the higher the temperature the faster a gas will diffuse) -Density (the lower the relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse)

75. 12/4/2015 Lesson 3 Rate of diffusion in gases-the ammonia and hydrochloric acid experiment Ammonia + hydrochloric acid  ammonium chloride Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid (concentrated) NH 3 HCl Low density Mr17 High density Mr 36.5

76. Diffusion 3 When they meet they react to form a solid white ring of ammonium chloride Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution Cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid (concentrated) NH 3 (g) + HCl(g)  NH 4 Cl(s)

77. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf9j0ztzc s4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf9j0ztzc s4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L41KhBP BymA&feature=autoplay&list=PL8B431189E24 3D9D0&playnext=2

78. Plenary answer these questions The ring of solid ammonium chloride forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because………….. If we repeated the experiment at a higher temperature do you think the result would change ? If so how.

79. Extension How many (interconversions) changes of state can you name 1.Solid to liquid ? 2.Liquid to gas? 3.Gas to liquid ? 4.Liquid to solid ? 5.Solid to gas? 6.What is the difference between boiling and evaporation ? 7.Can you explain changes of state in terms of forces of attraction and energy ?

80. H/W look on page 9 Can you explain the plateau ?

81. Chapter 1 States of Matter shape volume Particle arrangement Particles motion Forces between particles shape volume Particle arrangement Particles motion Forces between particles Chapter 1 States of Matter fixed changes fixed changes lattice Close but can move Far apart vibrations Slip and slide Freely in all directions strong medium Almost none

82. You should have SOLIDLIQUID GAS Particles make only small movements/ vibrations And so are tightly packed have little energy And strongly attracted to each other Particles can slip and slide over each other And so are randomly arranged BUT STILL tightly packed Particles have more energy Some attraction to each other Can flow Particles whizz around And so are far apart have lots of energy No attraction to each other Can flow

83. Match the correct statements to the correct pictures SOLIDLIQUID GAS Particles make only small movements/ vibrations And so are tightly packed have little energy And strongly attracted to each other Particles can slip and slide over each other And so are randomly arranged BUT STILL tightly packed Particles have more energy Some attraction to each other Particles whizz around And so are far apart have lots of energy No attraction to each other

84. Aims: 1)To explain properties of solid, liquid and gases using “particle” and “weak bonds” (chapter 1) 2)To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1) 3)To recap key words (chapter 5)

85. What do I mean by a particle ? Particle2 or more atoms chemically joined AtomA unit of matter, can be atoms molecules or compounds. Element2 more atoms not chemically joined. Compound2 or more DIFFERENT atoms chemically joined. MixtureGeneral term for ANY type of matter SubstanceThe smallest unit of matter that retains the same properties. MoleculeMade from only 1 type of atom

86. Task 1. 1.Draw particles in a solid liquid and gas. 2.Explain how particles are arranged using....... “Forces of attraction” Particles are strongly attracted, particles are weakly attracted, particles are not attracted to each other.

87. Kinetic theory-explains solids liquids and gases 1.Every thing (substances) are made of particles. 2.Particles are attracted to each other, some strongly others weakly. 3.Particles have kinetic energy (they can move) 4.How much they move (kinetic energy) depends on temperature.

88. Complete work sheet to show your understanding of kinetic theory

89. Kinetic Theory The existence of solids, liquids and gases is explained by the kinetic theory. This is based on the following ideas: 1.All substances are made up of particles (atoms, ions and molecules, compounds). 2.That these particles are attracted to each other, some strongly and others weakly. kinetic 3.That these particles move around (i.e. have kinetic energy). 4.That their kinetic energy increases with temperature.

90. 1)To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1) Solid to Liquid = melting When you heat a solid give particles energy to vibrate faster and faster finally the forces of attraction between particles are not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed position and they start to slip and slide over each other.

91. 1)To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1) Solid to Liquid= freezing or solidifying Freezing, freezing point When you heat a solid the particles have more energy. Finally the forces of attraction between particles are not strong enough and they hold the particles in a fixed position.

92. 1)To recap changes of state. To explain changes of state in terms of kinetic theory. (chapter 1) Liquid to gas to liquid When you h_____ a l_____ the particles have m_____ energy. Finally a____the forces of attraction between particles are broken. When a gas is c_____ed the particles have less energy and the f_____ of a_____ start to hold the p______ together. (C__________)

93. Key words Boiling = when particles of liquid turn to gas at or above the boiling point….ALL PARTICLES ARE GIVEN ENOUGH ENERGY TO DO THIS.

94. Key words Evaporation = Not all particles have the same amount of energy. ONLY SOME particles have enough energy to turn into a gas Draw on board

95. Gas-Liquid equilibrium In a closed container some liquid will turn to gas and some gas will stick back to the surface of the liquid again. An equilibrium will be met.