1. Remember contextualization: Set the scene in your opening paragraph.
Complex Thesis Statement
Historical examples to defend argument
Synthesis: So What? Can you make connections to other time periods? Other geographic areas? Or other circumstance?
Essay helpful hints

2. America in 1800: Society & Economy

3. North America in 1800
In 1800, the USA was a new & weak nation sharing North America with other European powers
Spain controlled the most territory in North America with valuable cities like Mexico City, New Orleans, St Louis, & Los Angeles
But, Spain’s hold on these territories was slipping
British Canada was sparsely populated, but its control over the fur trade & Great Lakes frustrated westward-bound Americans
France ruled Haiti & gained Louisiana from Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
Russia dominated the fur trade in Alaska

4. The U.S. Economy in 1800
By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture
The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation
Cotton production entrenched the South’s “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism
Cotton quickly became the dominant Southern crop of the 19th century
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South

5. The U.S. Economy in 1800
By 1800, industrialization was just beginning in America
The Northern economy was more diverse than the South, but most Americans were involved in cultivating livestock & grains
By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture
Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Americans lived in cities)

6. The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic
Chapter 11

7. Election of 1800 Federalists ran John Adams
Strong central government and law and order
Weakened by Alien and Sedition Acts, peace with France and split with Hamilton
Democratic-Republicans ran Thomas Jefferson
Agrarian, states rights, liberty
Accused of fathering kids with slaves, being antireligious
Jefferson wins, but tied with Burr
3/5 compromise increased southern electoral college votes, with allowed Jefferson to win
Peaceful transfer of power to opposing political force was unprecedented

8. 12th Amendment
Electors now required to specify one candidate for president and one candidate for vice president
Jefferson and fellow Republican Aaron Burr (the presumed vice presidential candidate) tied in election of 1800
Constitution specified House of Representatives had to break the tie
Hamilton threw his weight behind Jefferson

9. Thomas Jefferson Liked to dress more informally, like a common man
Favored French culture
Opposed slavery, but didn’t see how it could be abolished
Designed his own home, Monticello
Was an inventor, philosopher, scientist

10. Jefferson’s Presidency
Pursued a moderate course to encourage Federalists to switch parties
Tried to unite people across parties “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Sought to downplay formality of government and eliminate distinctions between class and position
Effort to be more “democratic” in spirit instead of monarchical tendencies of Federalists
First President to give State of Union to Congress
Wanted to avoid industrialization and urbanization
Wanted nation based on agriculture
Wanted very limited central government
Cut military and spending to eliminate debt
Secretary of Treasurer Gallatin introduced modern budgeting to government – left most Hamilton policies intact
Alien and Sedition Acts were not renewed
Excise tax on whiskey was repealed

11. John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803
“And if this court is not authorized to issue a write of mandamus [order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties]…It must be because the law is unconstitutional and therefore absolutely incapable of conferring the authority…
Certainly, all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law…and consequently…and act of the legislature repugnant to the constitution is void…
If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution, and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution, and not such ordinary act must govern the case to which they both apply.
The judicial power of the United States is extended to all cases arising under the Constitution…
Thus, the particular phraseology of the Constitution…confirms and strengthens the principle…that a law repugnant to the Constitution is void and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument.”
Question: Explain the significance of Marshall’s opinion presented as Jefferson became the third president of the United States.
Explain how TWO of the following people would either support or question Marshall’s view:
- William Marbury
- John Adams
- Thomas Jefferson
- Alexander Hamilton

12. How “Jeffersonian” was Jefferson?

13. Patronage

14. Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act 1801 created 16 judgeships
Federalists tried to keep control of judicial branch by appointing many judges just before Adams left office “midnight judges”
Jeffersonians saw this as Federalist attempt to keep control of judicial branch also would allow judges to ignore will of people
Jefferson wanted to fill positions from people in his party
Did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in
Patronage is practice of appointing loyal party members as a reward and to build party strength
Democrat-Republicans tried to impeach several judges
In 1802, Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished these new federal courts

15. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marbury was a midnight judge who did not receive his commission
Sued Secretary of State James Madison to force delivery of commission
Chief Justice Marshall
Used case to establish power of Supreme Court
Ruled section of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional
Established the precedent of judicial review
Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress and declare unconstitutional
States tried to claim right to determine constitutionality in Kentucky resolutions (1798)

16. Impeachment of Samuel Chase
Jeffersonians attempted to impeach Chase as retaliation for Marbury decision
Was acquitted because Congress ruled that an official can only be impeached for treason, bribery or other high crimes or misdemeanors
Made sure that impeachment could not be used as a political tool to get rid of judges

17. Alien and Sedition Acts
Excise Tax
The Budget
Bank of U.S.
Tariffs

18. Foreign Policy…Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

19. Attempts at Neutrality: The Navy

20. Barbary Pirates
Jefferson had eliminated most military spending to save money and follow republican ideas
Distrusted standing armies – feared it could lead to dictatorships
Barbary States of North Africa sent out pirates to attack ships
Kidnapped ships and held them for ransom
Jefferson sent navy to fight pirates to stop pirates
US gets peace treaty in 1805
Demonstrated America’s ability to defend itself

21. Louisiana
Napoleon takes Louisiana back from Spain in a secret treaty in 1800
Made Americans worried
Right of deposit was rescinded in 1802 and began to charge Americans for passing through New Orleans
Westerners depended on access to Mississippi for trade and survival
Jefferson wanted to encourage expansion of farm land in the west
Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to help Robert Livingston buy New Orleans for $10 million
US was not afraid of Spain, but feared power of France
Jefferson warned France that the US would ally with England if France denied access to New Orleans

22. Haitian Revolution and Louisiana Purchase
Haitians (Santo Domingo) revolt against France during French Revolution
Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
Haitians fight off French armies and mosquitos with yellow fever killed troops
Napoleon believed he needed Haiti to control Louisiana
Also did not want to encourage America to ally with Britain while France was fighting Britain
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Napoleon preferred US becoming legitimate global power to help keep Britain in check
Since Napoleon lost Haiti, he decided to sell Louisiana
Monroe and Livingston were not authorized to make purchase
Decided to buy it anyway for $15 million ($233) on April 13, 1803
Some believed land was worthless

23. Jefferson’s constitutional dilemma
Constitution does not say if Congress can buy land
Jefferson believed that Congress can only do what is said in Constitution (strict construction)
Jefferson decided to support the purchase anyway
Discouraged his supporters from talking about constitutional issues in hopes that it wouldn’t be brought up
Didn’t want to wait for amendment for fear offer would be withdrawn
Louisiana doubled the size of the United States
Guaranteed access to Mississippi
Believed it insured success of America and democracy
Allowed for expansion of states across the continent
13 new states would be made from the territory (828,000 acres)

24. Louisiana Purchase Effects of Purchase
Precedent established that US can purchase additional land
New lands would create states admitted on equal footing
Allowed Louisiana to keep Napoleonic Code instead of British common law
Allowed America to disengage from Europe because no European power left on North America
Significance
Doubled size of U.S. w/ richest river valley in the world
Guaranteed Mississippi waterway to Gulf of Mexico
Paved the way for westward expansion and tragic Indian removal
Effectively ended European expansion in North America
-- Helped reduce threats on U.S. western frontier

25. The Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Source: Wikipedia Commons

26. Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery)
Lewis and Clark left spring arrived at Pacific December 1805
US claimed Oregon
Expedition gave details of what was in Louisiana
Americans did not know what was within Louisiana Purchase
led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
to find all water route to Pacific, study Indian tribes, nature and the environment

27. Aaron Burr Conspiracies
Federalists feared new western states would favor farmers and debtors and hurt commercial and banking interests of east
Some New Yorkers and New Englanders wanted to secede and have Aaron Burr as their President
Hamilton opposed Burr’s attempts to be elected governor of NY
Burr killed Hamilton in a duel on July 11, 1804

28. Chief Justice Marshall
Burr Conspiracy
Burr went west to gain control over a territory that he could lead (1806)
Went to England and Spain for support
Wanted to establish independent country in West
Governor James Wilkinson of Louisiana turned Burr in as a traitor
Burr was acquitted of treason
Chief Justice Marshall limited definition of treason to only people who make war against the US
Limits governments ability to use treason accusations against political opponents
Courthouse of Trial
Verdict sheet
Chief Justice Marshall

29. War between Britain and France
Britain and France resume war in 1803
Battle of Trafalgar established Britain as dominant naval power
Battle of Austerlitz established France as dominant land power
US had made money trading with both sides and Europe as a neutral
Both countries try to stop trade
1806 – Orders in Council passed by Britain that closed all European ports to trade (including American)
Stop and attack American ships
France ordered seizure off all ships from British ports (including American)
British sailors became naturalized Americans for better pay, food and treatment
British would board American ships and force American sailors into British navy (impressment)
US claimed more than 6,000 Americans had been taken between
Battle of Copenhagen 1807

30. Chesapeake Affair (1807)
British ship Leopard demanded America surrender 4 sailors; Chesapeake Commander James Barron refused
British ship Leopard fired at American ship Chesapeake ,
Killed 3 and wounded 18
boarded ship and took 4 American sailors off the coast of Virginia
Jefferson demanded apology for Chesapeake incident
British apologized, but kept right to search and impressment of sailors

31. Embargo Act of 1807 US too weak to fight either France or England
Jefferson’s opposition to military spending left America too weak to fight either Britain or France
Embargo Act passed to stop American trade with Europe
US hoped Europe’s need for American raw materials and food would force France and England to change policies
Jefferson was trying to show new way of diplomacy without fighting
Hurt American economy more than France or England
Britain traded with Latin America, France supplied from Europe
Westerners wanted US to go to war with England
Embargo hurt Democrat-Republican political power
Opponents believed law was tyrannical. Federalists increased in power
Was very unpopular
Encouraged local manufacturing, not Jefferson’s base
March 1809 Act was repealed replaced by Non-intercourse Act
forbade trade only with England and France until they respect US neutrality

32. The road to the War of 1812

33. James Madison Kept notes of Constitutional Convention
Adviser to George Washington
Helped build Democrat-Republican party with Thomas Jefferson
Elected President 1808
Non-intercourse Act expired in 1810
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Bill allowed President to cut off trade with either Britain or France if the other lifted trade restrictions
Madison opposed it because he believed it made US look weak
Napoleon agrees to lift restrictions
Madison forbid trade with Britain but allows with France in hopes that it would force Britain to repeal the Orders of Council reopening Atlantic trade
Britain did not repeal Orders of Council, they knew US needed British trade
US forced into reestablishing Embargo, which ended US neutrality in Anglo-France Napoleonic war.

34. War Hawks Typically were new members of government from South and West
Henry Clay (KY)
Typically were new members of government from South and West
Very Nationalistic
Favored military response over diplomacy
Favored US government purchasing lots of cheap land
easier to farm with
Would force Indians off land
Believed Indian resistance was led by Britain and Spain
US government bought land, then forced Indians off land
Led to fights between whites and Indians
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
Attempted to create a confederation of all tribes east of the Mississippi
Tenskwatawa seen as prophet, argued against Indian assimilation of white ways
led Shawnee resistance to white settlement in Northwest Territory
Offered to join Americans against British if US give back Shawnee land, US said no
John C Calhoun (SC)

35. Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
William Henry Harrison defeated Indians in a battle at Tippecanoe and burned Tecumseh’s village in Indiana
Attack led to general war between Indians and Americans
led to British gave Indians weapons and support
Led to War Hawks call for war against Britain and to take Canada

36. War of 1812 Mr. Madison’s War Sectional differences about war
East didn’t want war because it would hurt trade
supported Britain, not France
Did not want more agrarian states created from Canada
New England bankers loaned money to Britain and Governors would not send militia
South and West supported
West wanted Canada, South wanted Florida (Spain was allies with Britain)
Democrat-Republicans supported war, Federalists opposed it
President Madison declares war June 1, 1812
Fought because of British impressments, blockades and inciting Indians
Needed war to prove viability of US nation and democracy as government
Believed US needed to eliminate Canadian support for Indians
Expected a quick war

37. Avoidable War
British economy was beginning to suffer from the American boycott and Napoleon’s blockade of Britain
America declared war when Britain was finally ready to repeal Orders of Council
US thought war would be short
US had bigger population than Canada
Britain was fighting France
Britain was stronger than US thought
Canadian army same size as American
British Naval forces significantly stronger