2. Muhammad Moazzam Khan

3.  Importance of:  Inland waters and lakes  Marine fish species  Impact of climate change on these.  Impact of climate change:  on fishing and  how it all affects the local communities

4.  Inland Fisheries  Marine Fisheries  Aquaculture

6. STREAM/RIVERS

7. LARGE RIVERS R I V E R I N D U S

8. RESERVOIRS

9. DAMS

10. NATURAL LAKES

12. Inland (million hectare)  Rivers 3.19  Dams/Canals 0.15  Lakes 3.14  Indus Delta0.38  Flood area1.00  Farms0.06  Total 7.92

13.  Dominated by Cyprinids  Indian major carps  Exotic carps  Other species include catfish, snakeheads, spiny eels,  Sindh has most surface water bodies including natural lakes, dhands, seepage areas, therefore, has high production.

14. Rohu: Labeo rohita Thaila: Catla catlaMorakhi: Cirrihinus mrigala

15. Catfish: Mystus seenghala Wallago: Wallago attu Catfish: Rita macracanthusSnakehead: Channa marulius Spiny eel: Mastacembelus armatus Featherback: Chitala chitala

16. Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella Silver carp: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Common carp: Cyprinus carpio Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus

19. DELTA/ESTUARY

20. ARABIAN SEA

22. EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE EEZ – 200 NM 240,000 SQ KM EXTENDED EEZ TOTAL >300,000 SQ KM 21

23.  Dominated by pelagic (surface dwelling) and demersal (bottom dwelling) and shellfishes  Demersal are most common food fishes  Pelagic includes large and small pelagic  Large pelagic  Tuna, mackerel, billfish  Small pelagics  Sardinellas, anchovies, scads  Shellfish includes shrimp, crabs, lobsters, squids, cuttlefish, jellyfish

24.  Zone I - 0 -12 n. miles-Provincial jurisdiction (Reserved for traditional small scale fishermen of Sindh and Balochistan Province)  Zone-II (Buffer Zone) 12-20 n. miles Federal Jurisdiction No restriction on fishing by traditional small scale fishermen  Zone III - 20- 200 n.miles Federal Jurisdiction (exploited by deep sea fishing vessels, stern trawlers, and tuna long liners) No restriction on fishing by traditional small scale fishermen

26. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE FISHES OF PAKISTAN

27. COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT SHELLFISHES OF PAKISTAN

31.  When the surrounding water warms up, metabolism speeds up  Digest food more rapidly,  Grow more quickly  Have more energy to reproduce.  But fish need more food and more oxygen to support this higher metabolism.  Warmer fish tend to mature more quickly,  This speedy lifestyle is often a smaller body size and a smaller brood.

32.  Expansion and/or contraction of suitable habitats  Shifts in the distribution of fish stocks through  Changes in migratory circuits that connect life stages  Affecting successful completion of the life cycle  Affecting successful recruitment

33. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FISHERIES  Climate is now recognized as a major factor affecting the productivity of key species in world fisheries.  Following changes in commercially and ecologically important marine fish species at organismal-level & population-level  Growth  reproductive success  Mortality  Habitat

34.  Declines in fisheries will have massive impacts on  Commercial fishing,  Tourism  Biodiversity.

35.  The extent of climate-driven changes will be mediated by the capacity for individual species (or populations) to adapt to changes in important abiotic and biotic factors.  Adaptations could include  changes in the important life history events (e.g., migration, spawning) and/or  physiological changes (e.g., thermal reaction norms of key traits such as growth, increased tolerance to lowered pH/ocean acidification).

36.  As global warming continues, the pressure on fish populations will increase due to following  Overfishing  Pollution  habitat loss  Although slightly warmer water could be tolerated by man, its effect on fish and aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately on the global food supply and economic stability, could be severe.

37.  Many fish that cannot find a local solution are already heading towards the poles as the water becomes too warm.  Naturally, when fish find themselves in hot water, they head out in search of cooler locales.  As global temperatures rise, some fish may be able to shift locally – by moving deeper or by heading upriver towards cool headwaters.

38.  Fish that can tolerate heat will become much more common.  The fish that stay around will also have to deal with new species that enter in to their niche

39.  Fisheries resources may become less predictable as extreme weather hits more often.  Events like the El Niño might cause a greater impact on warm water fisheries and reef fisheries.  Many fisheries resources will permanently shift location as water temperatures rise.  Large, commercial fleets that can follow the fisheries may not be as strongly affected as local, small-scale fishermen,  Small scale fishermen will have to adapt their gear and methods, travel further, and fish longer to continue providing enough food for their families and local markets.

42. The ozone layer, which protects us from harmful radiation, is part of the stratosphere. The Layers of the Atmosphere

43. Diagrams adapted from: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/science/faq/page5.html Natural greenhouse effectEnhanced greenhouse effect The Greenhouse Effect

44. Changes in the atmosphere Changes in the atmosphere Natural processes Natural processes – Volcanoes – Tectonic plate movement – Changes in the sun Human activities – any activity that releases “greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere Human activities – any activity that releases “greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere

45. Global Climate Change 44 Combined annual land-surface air and sea surface temperature anomalies (C°) 1861 to 2000 relative to 1961 and 1990. Two standard error uncertainties are shown as bars on the annual number. Global Mean Temperature (140 year record)

46. 45 1,000 Year Temperature and Instrumental Data Year 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 Northern Hemisphere anomaly (°C) Relative to 1961 to 1990 mean 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

47. Global warming refers to the gradual increase of the Earth’s temperature because of energy trapped by the Earth’s atmosphere The retention of the heat by the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasing GHGs affect the climate system World average temperature has risen relatively fast over the past 30 years Sea-level rise is gradually accelerating Many temperature-sensitive systems/processes have changed over the past two decades

48. Heat, in the form of short wave infrared radiation is received by the Earth from the sun This heat is reflected back out into space in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. As long as this energy input-output exchange is in equilibrium, we stay the same temperature (globally) If something alters it, we either heat up or cool down.

49.  Permanent gases in the atmosphere by percent are:  Nitrogen 78.1%  Oxygen 20.9%  (Note that these two permanent gases together comprise 99% of the atmosphere)  Other permanent gases:  Argon 0.9%  Neon 0.002%  Helium 0.0005%  Krypton 0.0001%  Hydrogen 0.00005%

50.  Variable gases in the atmosphere and typical percentage values are:  Water vapor 0 to 4%  Carbon Dioxide 0.035%  Methane 0.0002%  Ozone 0.000004%  CFC’s (not naturally occurring)

51.  Several gases act as heat sinks in the atmosphere  CO 2  CFCs  Methane  Water vapor

52. Gases that cause the “greenhouse effect!”

53. Global Climate ChangeDavid D. Houghton 52 Indicators of the Human Influence on the Atmosphere During the Industrial Era (a) Global atmospheric concentrations of three well mixed greenhouse gases (b) Sulphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Sulphur

54.  CO 2 is the largest concern, being the largest constituent of the atmosphere  Methane holds more heat, but because it is chemically more active, its atmospheric duration is about 10 years  CFC’s hold much more heat, and last a very long time, but still are a smaller portion  Also being reduced due to Montreal protocol

55.  Atmospheric CO 2 is believed to have been about 280 ppm (parts per million) in the pre- industrial age.  This figure is based on estimates of carbon sinks and flux, along with the geological record. (ice core samples, bubbles in amber, etc)

56.  The most plentiful greenhouse gas  Results from  Combustion of fossil fuels  Gas best fuel  Oil medium  Coal worst  Based on ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the molecules  Burning of vegetation/deforestation  Reduced uptake in plants/deforestation

57.  The data on atmospheric CO 2 collected by Keeling at the Mauna Loa observatory is said to be the most widely seen data set in the world.  It was started in 1955  CO 2 was at 313ppm then  It is at 375ppm now (2002), an increase of 16.5% in 47 years

59.  Sources  Coal mining  Oil production  Organic decomposition  Animal digestion  Resident in atmosphere about 10 years

60.  Nasty little gases – only anthropogenic  CFCs do not occur in nature – the Fluorine bond is to strong to break naturally.  CFCs come from  Refrigerants  Styrofoam, foaming agents  Cleaning electronics  Spray propellants

62. Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal ICE CAP AT ARCTIC CIRCLE

63. 2000 1970

64. Global average temperature Global average sea level Northern hemisphere snow cover

65.  Temperature rise  Precipitation  Soil Moisture  Changing Habitats  Sea Level Rise

66.  Estimates are in the 1.5° to 4.5° C  Every degree C is equal to about 100 miles of latitude.  Rising temperature means rising AC usage, which means rising CO 2 consumption, accelerating greenhouse effect

67.  Changing Patterns of rainfall/drought  Extreme Precipitation events  Droughts  Storms - flooding  Snowfall  Hurricanes  In a warmer world, more hurricanes, longer season, and more powerful storms

68.  Increased temperature means a decreased spoil moisture unless precipitation increases

69.  Changes in habitat  Migration patterns  Ecosystem changes  Changes in species populations can ripple through an ecosystem.

70.  Thermal expansion of water  Arctic Ice pack  Glaciers  Western Antarctic

71.  Water molecules get larger as they get warmer.  Sea level rises about 1cm per.1° C  Hence sea level has risen about 10cm since 1900, along with a global mean sea level temp rise of about 1°  Thus sea level may rise by 15-45cm due to thermal expansion

72.  Almost all glaciers have receded in last century  Possible that increased precipitation may cause increased glaciations on South pole Glacial Retreat: Thinning of the tongue during the 1990s accelerated and as of 2001 a lake started to form in front of it (right image). The ice became buoyant and rapid break-up of the snout is now underway

76. Sea-level rise projections : a few inches to a few feet 2 ft: U.S. would lose 10,000 square miles 3 ft: Would inundate Miami Affects erosion, loss of wetlands, freshwater supplies Half of the world’s population lives along coasts

77. 200400600800 Time from start (years) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Sea-level rise (m) Total sea level rise Ocean Expansion Ice-melt Greenhouse gas emissions (“super-Kyoto” action) IPCC 2001 Sea-Level Rise, over the coming millennium Peaking in 2050

78.  Coastal flooding  Amplified storm surges  Damaged coastal infrastructure (roads, etc.)  Salination of island fresh-water (esp. subterranean cells)  Impaired crop production  Population displacement: diverse health risks (nutrition, infection, mental health)

80. TIDAL LINK DRAIN SHAH SAMANDO CREEK JATI DRAIN CHOLARI DHAND SANHRO DHAND WATER BODY HIGH WATER LINE VEGETATION Saltwater intrusion in the estuaries

81. Area Affected by Sea Intrusion DISTRICT / AREA(ha) TALUKA(ha) Fully Eroded Partially Eroded Total Not Eroded Thatta1,324,606348,093186,400534,493790,113 Shah Bundar 297,707205,94035,055240,99556,712 Ghora Bari 94,6862,9869,86712,85381,833 Kharo Chan 192,90239,1478,94448,091144,811 Mirpur Sakro 300,6294,50320,05724,560276,069 Jati357,21549,411112,069161,480195,735 Keti Bundar 81,46746,10640846,51434,953 Badin323,74914,59517,97832,573291,176 Golarchi179,7982,7649,73612,500167,298 Badin143,95111,8318,24220,073123,878 Total1,648,355392,688204,378597,0661,051,289

82. JHABO WETLAND KARO-GHANGRO DRAIN Nematalosa nasus Sardinella longiceps Sardinella sindensis Strongylura strongylura Cociella crocodila Terapon jarbua Sillago sihama Leiognathus splendens Pomadasys commersonni Pomadasys maculates Acanthopagrus latus Liza subviridis Liza vaigiensis Labeo boga Mystus gulio Glossogobius giuris Channa punctata Oreochromis mossambica

84. 10 km Keti Bandar Shah Bandar Keti Bandar, looking towards the Arabian Sea.

85. Sea level Rise-Damb

86. Tippun; Hajamro creek Hardly a few centimeter above high water mark

87. Migration; Mero Dablo Village Homeless; Phirth village

89. THANKS