1. RAD 354 – Chapter 1 This class will be a FAST review of RAD 350 and will be TECHNIQUE oriented. Techniques, technique charts and cooling charts as well as effects of all items on radiation outputs/patient-matter interactions will be stressed.

2. Comments by Joe –”Hey Dr. P! Good News! I passed my boards! On the morning of the test, I got up at 5 am and took out my notebook where I had listed all of your and Chad’s ‘bang on the desk/board’ items and read them ALL and no B.S. like 20-25 questions were right off of your notes as you both said! When you see the 1 st and 2 nd year students be sure to tell them this is no shi*!!!. Star and study those itmes.

3. Matter – anything that occupies space -consists of atoms and molecules -primary characteristic is mass Class discussion – Weight and mass differences

4. 7 Forms of Energy Potential – capacity to work by virtue of position Kinetic – energy of motion Chemical – energy releases in Chem reactions Electrical – Electron movement Thermal – molecular level movement Nuclear – energy in the nucleus of an atom Electromagnetic – x-ray and magnetic energy

5. Ionizing Radiation Capable of removing an orbital electron from an atom = an ION PAIR: ejected electron (called a negative ion) and the “upset” atom minus an electron (destabled atom called a “positive ion”)

6. Natural Radiation Cosmic rays – particles emitted by the sun and stars Terrestrial – emitted from deposits of uranium, thorium and other radioactive earthly substances (like radon gas) Internally deposited – mainly potassium 40 (natural metabolites)

7. Man Made Radiation Medical/dental x-rays Nuclear power plants Industrial plants Screening (TSA, etc), airport surveillance Smoke detectors

8. Key Dates November 8, 1895 – X-rays discovered by Wilhelm C. Roentgen (was using a Crook’s Tube) 1886 – Fluoroscope invented by Thomas Edison

9. Radiation Protection ALARA – As low as reasonably achievable – Time, Distance, Shielding Early radiation exposure effects: blood changes, lowered sperm count Latent effects: genetic effects, cancer

10. Protection Items to Consider Filtration – kVp driven (2.0 mm al. added at the 70-80 kVp range +.5 mm al equiv. inher. Collimation – single most important thing a tech can do! Intensifying screens – receptor/film-speed combination – as fast as possible (and still get a good image) Protective barriers: shielding, gonadal shielding and PATIENT shielding!

11. Scientific notation makes it easy to write large positive or negative numbers “milli” = 1/1000 (milliamp) Kilo = 1,000 (kilovolts – kVp)

12. Radiation Units Roentgen – couloumb/kilogram (radiation in air) that will create 2.08 X 10 9 ion pairs in a cubic centimeter of air RAD/Gray = radiation ABSORBED dose – 1 X 10 -2 Gy = 1 RAD REM/sievert SV = radiation equivalent man (RAD X man’s biologic equivalent) 1 X 10 -2 SV = 1 REM

13. RAD units con’t Curie (CI)/Becquerel )Bq) = radioactive disintegration 3.7 X 10 10 Bq= 1 CI

14. Curves Characteristic curve (H & D, Solarization, Hortchkoff) optical density (OD) verses log relative exposure (like mAs – to the.3 log) X-ray emission spectrum – height of the curve = mAs – skew to the right/left is based on kVp

15. Review of Units 3 Measurable quantities of all others – Length, mass and time Secondary quantities are derived from a combination of two or more of the three Radiography units are: exposure, dose, dose equivalent and radioactivity

16. Standardized Units Unit of length = meter Unit of time = second Unit of mass - kilogram

17. System of Measurement SI (meter, kilogram, second) MKS (meter, kilogram, second) CGS (centimeter, gram, second) British (foot, pound, second)

18. Mechanics Deals with objects at rest (static) & in motion (dynamic) – Velocity = how fast an object is moving – Acceleration = rate of change of velocity over time

19. Newton’s Laws of Motion A body will remain at rest or continue to move with constant velocity unless acted upon The force acting on an object with acceleration is equal to the mass multiplied by acceleration Action/reaction = for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

20. Weight/Momentum/Work/Power Weight is the force of an object caused by the downward pull of gravity (mass X gravity) Momentum is the product of the mass of an object and it’s velocity Work is force applied to an object over a distance Power is the rate of doing work or work over a period of time

21. Energy = ability to do work Si unit is the joule Mechanical energy – Kinetic energy = energy in motion – Potential energy = stored energy by virtue of position

22. Heat = kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules Can be transferred a variety of ways: – Conduction = transferred by touching or through a material – Convection = mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in gas or liquid from one place to another – Thermal = red glow of hot objects (infrared emission)

23. Heat measurement via thermometer Three scales of heat measurement exist: Celsius (C) Fahrenheit (F) Kelvin (K)