1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Solutions and Transport  Solution – solutes dissolved in a solvent  In salt water, what’s the solute, solvent, and solution?  In tea with sugar, what’s the solute, solvent, and solution?  In oxygenated blood plasma, what’s the solute, solvent, and solution?

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport  Transport in/out of cell is by four basic methods  Three utilize diffusion, no energy  One requires energy

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Diffusion  Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution  Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte r2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapte r2/animation__how_diffusion_works.html DIFFUSION ANIMATION Figure 3.9 PRESS TO PLAY

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Simple diffusion  No energy or assistance from cell  Solutes are lipid-soluble materials and small enough to pass through membrane pores

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Passive Transport Processes  Osmosis – simple diffusion of water  Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ animation__how_osmosis_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ animation__how_osmosis_works.html  Facilitated diffusion  Diffusion through a protein channel in the cell membrane  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/ animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion through the Plasma Membrane Figure 3.10

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes  Use energy and a channel protein to transport substances that cannot diffuse  They may be too large or unable to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane  They may have to move against a concentration gradient  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_po tassium_pump_works.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ chapter2/animation__how_the_sodium_po tassium_pump_works.html

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Active Transport Processes Figure 3.11

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genetic Material  Almost all cell actions and structures are directed or mediated by proteins.  Proteins are the means for making and operating a cell.  Genetic material (DNA & RNA) are the instructions for how and when to manufacture proteins.

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Synthesis  Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Chromosome - A long strand of DNA composed of dozens, hundreds, thousands, or millions of genes  RNA - Single strand of nucleotides that assists in protein synthesis

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transcription and Translation  Transcription  Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA  Translation  Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Synthesis Figure 3.16

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA Replication  DNA Replication = Chromosomes copied, readies a cell for division into two cells Figure 3.14

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Life Cycle  Cells have two major periods  Interphase  Cell grows  Cell carries on metabolic processes  Cell division  Cell replicates itself  Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events of Cell Division  Mitosis  Division of the nucleus  Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei  Cytokinesis  Division of the cytoplasm  Begins when mitosis is near completion  Results in the formation of two daughter cells  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.15

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Mitosis Figure 3.15(cont)

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Meiosis  Cell division to create gametes (sperm or ova)  Two divisions instead of one  Creates cells containing half of the parent cell’s genome  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__q uiz_1_.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__q uiz_1_.html  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__q uiz_2_.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a nimation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__q uiz_2_.html

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cancer  Cancer is the result of an error in the normal cell cycle.  http://science- education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer /activities/activity2_animations.htm http://science- education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer /activities/activity2_animations.htm