1. Transcribing mRNA from DNA Remember that DNA contains the code for proteins being made in the cell. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. This process is called transcription. DNA unwinds and mRNA nucleotides combine to the appropriate DNA nucleotides.

2. Transcription DNA strand: T A C G A C T C C A G C mRNA complimentary strand: A U G C U G A G G U C G Notice that Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) and combines with Adenine (A)

3. Making proteins  You have already seen how we use DNA to make RNA now we are going to turn that RNA into Proteins

4. The basics DNA  RNA  Protein (the sequence) Nucleus  Nucleus  Ribosome (the locations)

5. What we know…  Proteins are made out of amino acids

6. Fun Facts you should know!  The genetic code is in DNA  There are 20 different amino acids The come from 4 different types of bases  Adenine A  Uracil U  Cytosine C  Guanine G  Each set of three nitrogen bases represents an amino acid is known as a codon  Codons code for amino acids  There are 64 possible combinations of codons. 61 code for amino acids. The three left are stop codons.

7. You should know how to read this. If you can not pick up the phone and call me so I can walk you through it!

8. Translation From RNA to Protein  Translation- occurs in the ribosome (organelle)  Process of reading codons, laying amino acids in chains, making proteins  tRNA- Brings amino acids to the ribosome's so they can assemble into proteins

9. Making proteins 1.All you have to do it make sure that your DNA strand is transcribed into mRNA. Like this Original DNA Strand ACC TAC GCG GGG CAT ATT CCG Transcribed mRNA Strand UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC

10. Now you have your mRNA  mRNA UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC 2. Look for the start codon. Remember this is AUG UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC (ignore the stuff before AUG we do not care about it)

11. You now know where to start 3. Now that you know where to start move down the mRNA strand and read the next codon UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC CGC codes for arginine, so add the amino acid arginine to your growing amino acid chain Your chain looks like this now Start  Arginine

12. Move down the chain to your next codon  UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC  CCC codes for proline  Add proline to your chain Start  Arginine  proline

13. Move down the chain to your next codon  UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC  GUA codes for Valine  Add valine to your chain Start  Arginine  proline  Valine

14. Move down the chain to your next codon  UGG AUG CGC CCC GUA UAA GGC  UAA codes for STOP  Add STOP to your chain Start  Arginine  proline  Valine  Stop

15. The last codon you coded  told you to stop so you are done coding until you see another start in the codons.

16. Protein Use in Organisms Proteins can be found in: muscles, ligaments, bones, tendons, hair, skin, nails, cell membranes. These things give organisms structure, support and protection.

17. Antibodies, hormones and enzymes are types of proteins. Antibodies are part of an organism’s immune system. Hormones are secreted by glands and allow systems to function properly. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the organism.