1. Chapter 15-2 part 2

2. Nobles Kings- owned land in the kingdom Barons- richest lords
Lords- lord of the fief
Knights- warrior for the king (included dukes, earls, and counts)

4. Vassals and Knights Nobles were both lords and vassals.
A vassal was a noble who served a lord of higher rank.
In return, the lord protected the vassal.
The vassal swore loyalty to his lord.
In return for his service, the lord granted the vassal land- known as a fief.

5. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

6. Steps to Knighthood Page- age seven Learned to fight and ride
Care for weapons and armor
Also learned how to read, write, manners, and music

7. Squire- around age 14
Served the knight- put on his armor, helped in battle
Learned to move in heavy armor

8. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Chivalry was a code of conduct the knights followed.
Chivalry required the knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word.
It also called for women to be protected and cherished.

9. Dubbing of a Knight About age 21
Squire bathes in clear water and dresses in a white tunic and a bright red cloak
Is tapped on the shoulder with a sword in a ceremony of well-wishers, the lord and his lady

10. Castles No two castles looked the same
They were built as fortresses and usually made out of stone
They could take several years to build

11. Parts of a Castle

12. Castle Built on a hillside or a rocky ledge
The castle was surrounded by a “curtain wall.”

13. Castle Defense
Rounded or square towers were built at each of the corner walls
Narrow slits were built to shoot arrows at the enemy

14. Visitors to the castle had face a deep moat filled with water

15. Once across the moat, visitors faced a heavy iron gate called “portcullis”
then often another gate called the barbican

16. Trade in the Cities
By the 1100s trade began to increase and many cities became wealthy.
Venice, Italy built a fleet of trade ships and became a major trade center.
Flanders, Belgium became the trade center for northern Europe. This area was known for its woolen cloth.

17. Cities in northern Europe began to hold trade fairs where merchants exchange furs, tin, honey, and wool for cloth and swords.
People bartered or traded goods for other goods.

18. People began to use gold and silver to pay for goods.
Trading companies and banks were set up to manage the sale of goods and the use of money.

19. Medieval Cities Medieval towns began to set up their own governments.
Citizens elected members of a city council to serve as judges, officials, and lawmakers.

20. Narrow, winding streets
Houses crowded against one another
Fire threatened the wooden homes
Dirty and smelly- trash dumped into the streets and rivers

21. Crafts people organized guilds, or business groups.
The rise of towns and the craft guilds led to a new middle class.
The guilds set standards for quality in products

22. Steps to Joining a Guild
The Apprentice- age 10, learned trade from master who provided room and board but no wages
Journeyman- worked for wages until created a masterpiece
Master- created a masterpiece- an outstanding example of the craft