1. Irony “Isn’t it ironic? Don’t you think? It’s like a free ride when you already paid” (Alanis Moresett).

2. Irony A contrast or an incongruity (clash) between what is stated and what is meant (verbal), or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen (situational).

3. Example It’s ironic that Rainsford (a well known hunter) swims to an island to get hunted. It’s not what you’d expect. More specifically it’s situational irony.

4. Verbal Irony A writer, speaker, or narrator says one thing and means something entirely different.

5. Example The king’s nature was bland and genial; but, whenever there was a little hitch,…he was blander (milder) and more genial (cheerful). The audience was “refined and cultured.” (while potentially watching a man get torn apart and devoured by a tiger)

6. Situational Irony A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.

7. Examples The fact that lady who was behind the other door was the one woman who the princess was jealous of from the very beginning. The fact that the king hired mourners to grieve.

8. Dramatic Irony The reader or audience perceives something that a character in the story it play does not know.

9. Example The fact that the audience is aware that the princess knows what is behind each door while the courtier and king have no idea.

10. Breaking the Fourth Wall The author directly addresses the audience. The author does this when he leaves it up to the reader to decide the courtier’s fate.

11. Examples Malcolm in the Middle (TV. show) in the middle of the episode, he will speak directly to you, the audience. Frank R. Stockton page 36 (bottom of first column)