1. The Integumentary System http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/elephants/im ages/anatomy/skin.jpg

2. The Integumentary System What purpose(s) does this system serve? *Preventing septicemia… *Preventing tetanic paralysis… *Preventing cancer… http://thebeautybrains.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/06/wrinkles- beach.jpg 15% of adult human body weight

3. The Integumentary System What purpose(s) does this system serve? *Preventing dehydration… *Preventing heat stroke and hypothermia… *Preventing failure to thrive…

4. The Integumentary System What purpose(s) does this system serve? *Preventing lonely Friday nights… *Preventing gustatory delights… *Preventing ataxis… http://www.ryanphotographic.com/imagesFROG%20005A%20Blue%20dart%20frog.jpg

5. Where does the skin come from? * * * *

6. The Dermis Comprised of Connective tissue… Fibroblasts and Fibers What are the most abundant fibers? How are they arranged? http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/dermis.html

7. What are plies, warps and weaves?

8. The Dermis Connective tissue layer… Bony and otherwise: Dermis of vertebrates has a predisposition to form ______. _______ salts deposited on/around ______________ of the dermis (dermal in origin) Generally consists of … Examples of tetrapods with dermal bone?!? http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/anatomical_images/family _pages/xenarthra/armadillo_shell.jpg

9. The Dermis Dermal pigments: Most organisms have pigmented integument Responsible cells found in epidermis and dermis Pigment bearing cells/structures categorized based on color… _____________ (melanin), _____________ (xanthin), _____________ (erythrin), _____________ (guanine) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRSbC6HAgNE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBc-6aj0RJk&NR=1

10. The Dermis Dermal pigments: Chromatophores can regulate ____________ of pigments altering color http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-3&File_type=GIF

11. The Dermis Dermal pigments: So how do you explain this? http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/94/77/22247794.jpg

12. The Epidermis General features of the epidermis: * Comprised of … * ____________ layer between environment and other tissues. * 2 types non-living coatings… 1) 2) * Glandular… ____________ in aquatics ____________ in terrestrials

13. The Epidermis Epidermis of aquatic organisms: Fishes… Most glands single celled (____________and _____________). Some multicellular glands (hagfish and lungfish) Can be protective (______________)

14. The Epidermis Epidermis of aquatic organisms: Aquatic amphibians… Mostly ________________ (mucous and granular) Land going amphibians have … Can make ______________ for adhesion Mucous glands can _____________ to form ______ ___________

15. The Epidermis Epidermis of aquatic organisms: Some deep sea teleosts have _______________ Epidermal origin “housed” in the dermis -________________ (lens cells) -________________ (light cells) -_______________ (pigment cells) -__________ acting on ________ © Theodore W. Pietsch

16. The Epidermis Epidermis of aquatic organisms: Most lack substantial amounts of… Cornified structures include: -“______” of lamprey and hagfish -__________________ of land- going amphibians -“________” of tadpoles -_______________ of digits

17. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms: Stratified layers gave rise to 2 categories of unique features… 1) Glands 2) Stratum corneum

18. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms: Glands fall in 2 main categories based on shape… 1) 2)

19. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms: Glands produce their secretions via 3 main modes… 1) Cell membrane (___________) 2) Whole cells and their contents (__________) 3) Cell fragments (___________)

20. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms: Mucous glands not abundant… occur in areas with need for lubrication Why not abundant on terrestrial animals? What other skin structures would interfere? What areas need lubrication?

21. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms: _________________ found mainly in terrestrial amphibians and reptiles Can produce __________ and some _____________ Concentrations of “noxious” granular glands found on “warts” and _______________of toads Lizards have… Musk or _____________ in turtles and snakes

22. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (birds): Few integumentary glands in birds… however, avian oil glands ___________ gland at rump, large in aquatic birds and some domestic birds Oil glands also line… Sometimes found around the…

23. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): 2 major types of glands in mammals… 1) ___________ (oil glands) 2) ___________ (sweat glands)

24. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): ___________ glands (saccular) usually associated with hair. Exceptions... Sebum secreted into hair follicle Modified (________ glands) in ear canal to secrete cerumen _______ glands keep conjuctiva moist (plugged = chalazion)

25. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): Sudoriferous glands (coiled tubular glands) Evaporative cooling primary function of ________ sweat glands Found in least hairy regions Some mammals lack sweat glands Humans have greatest # per cm 2 ___________ sweat glands involved with secondary sex characteristics

26. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): Scent glands can be sebaceous or sudoriferous Found in varying locations… - - -

27. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): _________ glands present in both sexes and derived from a line of ectoderm called the… This tissue invades the dermis and spreads Distinct tissue above these glands develops (nipple) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg

28. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): Nipples can be multiple… - Different species… different placement http://www.healthcentral.com/images/ency/fullsize/8659.jpg

29. The Epidermis Epidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals): During lactation, products accumulate in ________ (usually) Suckling releases milk and ________ facilitates by causing smooth muscle contractions “Let down” reflex

30. The Epidermis Stratum corneum: Epidermal scales found only in amniotes. Squamates (snakes & lizards) thickened corneum except at “_______” areas Varying forms… Birds have epidermal scales on areas lacking feathers What about mammals? http://www.richard-seaman.com/USA/States/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/Sampler/HornedLizard.jpg

31. Thick skin Stratum corneum: The Epidermis

32. Claws, hoofs and nails: Claws appeared in basal amniotes Tigers have claws… are they homologous to those of Idaho Giant Salamanders?

33. The Epidermis Claws, hoofs and nails: Claws, nails and hooves homologous Similar structure… * Birds can have claws on wings too Are claws shed or worn down? http://www.science-art.com/gallery/170/170_8212006165155.jpg http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/integument.f04/nail.jpg

34. The Epidermis Feathers: 3 basic types… * Feathers comprised of a quill (calamus), shaft and vanes. Parallel extensions from the shaft barbs are crosslinked with barbules (hooklets and flanges) http://www.explorebiodiversity.com/BIRDS/Adaptations/pics/featherstypes.jpg

35. The Epidermis Feather development: _______________ induces overlying ___________ to divide mitotically… resulting bump is called… Why is presence of papillary vasculature important? Tall columns form a ____________and push toward tip, becoming barbs http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=1712&rendTypeId=4

36. The Epidermis Feather development: When the barbs are still in protective feather sheath it is called a … At feather maturity… bulk of _________ dies back ________ tissue retracts and then starts over again Developing feathers push old feathers out ____________ http://climate.uvic.ca/people/ewiebe/eggs/09_may_1.jpg http://www.catsandcritters.com/newsletter.php

37. The Epidermis Feather origins: One hypothesis is that they are derived from _____________… Sinosauropteryx Early development of ____________ is similar but remaining scenario is not Some propose they are novel structures http://www.prehistoria.piwko.pl/Obrazki/sinosauropteryx2.jpg http://www.gavinrymill.com/dinosaurs/feathers/sinosauropteryx2.jpg Copy of Science News article on pigments… ?!?!

38. The Epidermis Hair: Functions of hair… ______________ (underfur and guard hairs) Sensory (_________) ___________ (spines and quills) http://www.brownlog.dreamhost.com/scrapbook/1998_09_tacoma/zoo_walrus.jpg

40. The Epidermis Hair morphology: Similar to feathers in that there is a … ___________has _________________ with much … __________ is portion under the dermis where cells are dying __________ is portion of hair that is separate from follicle wall http://www.haircolorpros.com/images/science_hair1.gif

41. The Epidermis Hair morphology: Thin outer covering is the ____________ Underlying zone called ____________ Inner pith is the ________ Smooth muscle associated with the follicle and originating in the dermis is the _______________ http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery/FeaturedScience/Hair!.jpg

42. The Epidermis Horns: * http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/pronghorn_skull.jpg http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/images/Rhino_horn_UV_large.jpg http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/phil_myers/horns_antlers/giraffe.jpg/thumbnail.jpg

43. The Epidermis Baleen and miscellaneous: *Toothless whales (___________) rely on baleen to filter fish and/or crustaceans (krill) *Rattlesnake rattles *Beaks and combs *Ischial callosities *Knee pads *Tori & apical pads http://www.coreresearch.org/images/baleen2.jpg http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/images/gelada_bab oon_showing_ischial_callosities.jpg http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/ photos/diapsids/rattlesnake_rattle.jpg http://www.peteducation.com/images/articles/tfh_crusty_footpads.jpg

44. Integuments by Taxa Agnathans: Epidermis… stratified, unicellular glands, mitotically active throughout Dermis… thinner than epidermis but dense/tough http://wupcenter.mtu.edu/education/Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_03/13lamprey_hickey.jpg

45. Integuments by Taxa Cartilaginous fishes: Epidermis… stratified, _____________ show up Dermis… ___________ and melanophores http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/marinestation/research/bask-shark/shark_gape_450.jpg

46. Integuments by Taxa Bony fishes: Epidermis… many mucous glands Dermis… dermal

47. Integuments by Taxa Amphibians: Epidermis… stratified, _____________ glands (mucous and granular) Dermis… attached to ____________ in some, loose in others, presence of ________________ http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/415329423_cd21aeb1cb_o.jpg

48. Integuments by Taxa Non-avian reptiles: Epidermis… stratified, thick stratum corneum (______) Dermis… tough, some with _______________

49. Integuments by Taxa Birds: Epidermis… thin, lacks glands (except uropygial), modified epidermal layers to form feathers (scales) Dermis… thin, ______________ muscles

50. Integuments by Taxa Mammals: Epidermis… Distinct strata, variety of ________, _______ Dermis…