1. Latin America
AP World History

2. Latin America - Mexico
1810 – Father Hidalgo (Catholic Priest) wanted political freedom, to end slavery, and improve living conditions for Mexico’s poor
September 16, 1810 – gives address called “el Grito de Delores” (Cry of Delores)
Leads Native Americans & mestizos in armed movement
1811 – insurrection is put down by Spanish army
Hidalgo is captured and executed

3. Latin America - Mexico
1813 – Jose Maria Morelos (Catholic priest) declares independence; takes over after Hidalgo
Captures large portion of southern Mexico
1815 – is ultimately defeated by the Spanish & executed

4. Latin America - Mexico
1821- full independence is granted after creoles declare independence
Led by Augustin de Iturbide
Made himself emperor
Was deposed in 1823
Mexico declares itself a republic in 1823
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, & Honduras soon follow
Mexico – unique because of lack of immigrant population

5. Latin America - Mexico
1876 – Porfirio Diaz begins 35 year rule of Mexico (eliminated opposition, but encouraged economic growth)
1910 – Middle class begins movement for election reform – escalates into 10 year rebellion (Mexican Revolution)
1921 – New constitution written – limited foreign investment, restricted church ownership of property, & education reform

6. Latin America – South America
Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela) – known as “the liberator” starts a revolt in northern South America
Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, & Ecuador (was Gran Colombia)
1826 – all of South America has been liberated by Bolivar

7. Independence of Haiti Led mainly by Francois Toussaint-Louverture
Early 1790s – unrest from brutal rule of French leads to revolt

8. Francois Toussaint-Louverture
Haitian Flag
(white removed from French flag)

9. Latin America - Brazil
1808 – Napoleon invades Portugal – King João & royal family flee to Brazil (monarchy is transferred)
João was a liberal ruler - brought reforms in education, military academies, art & medicine
Rio de Janeiro is made the capital
Dom Pedro (son of João) rules after King returns to Portugal
September 1822 – won full independence and chooses constitutional monarchy as form of government
Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody revoution

10. Latin American - Problems
Geography – hindered trade, commerce, transportation and economy
Colonial heritage – not ready for independence
Rigid Social Order
Peninsulares – Europeans born in Spain
Creoles – colonial born white aristocrats (dominated society)
Mestizos / Mulattos – mixes of Europeans and Indians or slaves
Indians / Descendants of slaves
Slave uprising in Haiti eventually earns them independence (1790s)
Catholicism dominated daily life