1. PRESENTATION Problem: the lethality of cassava
Hypothesis :Treating cassava with radiation can avoid that.
Aim is to decompose proteins enzymes that cause the decomposition of cyanoglycosides.
Project : pesticide manufacturing

2. Contents. Introduction
Chemical description of( hydrogen cyanide and its derivatives).
Industrial & laboratory production of HCN.
Uses of HCN.
Physiological description of Hydrogen cyanide intoxication.
Antidote of HCN intoxication.
Different ways of preparing cassava tubers and leaves in order to avoid their toxicity.
My project

3. Cassava tubers and leaves are edible
Introduction
Cassava tubers and leaves are edible

4. Cassava plant & HCN
Cassava plant is among major plants that are mostly cultivated in some tropical regions and it becomes the frequent food for population of those regions , NIGERIA is the first country that cultivate cassava in the world . Its tubers and leaves are edible either by direct consumption or after the transformations .thereby to get different food like Eba,fufu,..
The tubers are potentially made of carbohydrates as the main source of nutrient rather than protein,but also the there exist small proportion of Cyanide compounds ,that exit in two carbohydrates forms(cyanogenic glucosides):LINAMARIN &LAUTOSTRALIN.

5. Chemical description of HCN
This is chemical structures of HCN
HCN is easily dissociate in water or basic medium
HCN(aq) + H2O(l) = CN-(aq) + H3O+(aq).
The anion CN- is the strongest nucleophile in all substitution organic reactions or complex formation, as it is so-electronic with CO(carbon monoxide)

6. Industrial & laboratory preparations.
Industry scale[Andrussow process]
I)2CH4(g)+2NH3(g)+3 O2(g)/Pt → 2HCN+6H2O
Laboratory scale
H++NaCN→HCN+Na+aq

7. Uses of HCN
It is used as precursor of NaCN and KCN that are used in gold and silver mining .
HCN allows chemists to have CYNOHYDRIN as the intermediate compound in formation of many important organic compound.

8. Physiological effect of Cynides(partI)
When CN- get into body by inhaling HCH or CN- in solution,it spread quickly in human body after the intake,
As we said in the root of cassava plant there exist two forms of cyanogenic gycosides that are decomposed naturally byenzyme called LINAMARASE,to give HCN which very toxic to human and animal
Only 40mg of pure cyanogenic gycoside can directly kill a cow,as the concentration of that compound vary from[…………]according to the types of cassava plant and theirs seasons in which they were planted.
The bitter cassavas have much HCN,sweeter have less HCN.
The cassava of dry seasons have much HCN that of rainy seasons

9. Physiological effect of cyanides(partII)
When CN-get into body ,especial in blood system,as said above CN- is the strongest nucleophile ,it replace other nucleophiles attached on copper ion that makes respiration enzyme reason why it impair the respiration by inhibiting the CYTOCROME OXIDASE,which is the respiratory enzyme in elecrton chain transport ( important step of cellular respiration in ATP production).
As result man or animal can get in coma(ataxia), or death due to lack of ATP and oxygen cellular intake

10. ANTIDOTE OF HCN
Hydroxocobalamin is used as an antidote in order to react with it and form cynocobalamin which non harmful,but after few minutes of intake.
(cynokit brandname).

11. Radiation cassava treatment.
1)Pre-plantation methods(genetic transformation)
2)Pre-consumption method(protein decomposition)

12. Pre-plantation radiation step
As the genes producing enzymes in cassava plant cells are able to be modified into other genes,
It is possible to shift the bitter type into sweet one ,using genetic transformation( radiating these genes) for the plantation to be introduced or
Transforming them in the best type that can not produce any enzyme among those that cause the HCN formation from cynoglycosides.

13. Pre-consumption radiating method
The harvested tubers ,and leaves may be treated by radiation so that the unused enzymes that transform glucosides into HCN , can be the antidote by neutralizing CN- physiological effect.