1. Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Experimental Techniques (Mass Spec/PES/Spectrophotometry)

2. What to study: * Main scientists who contributed to the atomic model (name of experiment) * Quantum numbers (formula and what each quantum number means) * Formulas: (see what is provided in the formula sheet) -- calculating wavelength when energy level changes (R= -2.178 X 10 -18 J ) --calculating energy from wavelength/frequency/c *Electromagnetic spectrum (relative order including visible light/ relationship of λ and frequency) *Rules for orbital diagram and electron configuration (including exceptions)

3. Vocab *Orbitals*Photon *Isoelectronic*Ionization *Paramagnetic *Electronegativity *Diamagnetic*Electron Affinity *Electron Configuration*Valence e *Noble Gas Config.*Metalloids *Quantum #’s*Hunds Rule *Z effective*Pauli Exclusion *Heisenberg Uncertainty*Aufbau Principle Principle

4. Molarity (M) = moles solute Liter solution

5. M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2

6. Concentration – Moles/L (M) Dilution – M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 Ex. Create a solution with 10 moles of NaCl in 2 L water. This is your initial solution. Dilute this solution by taking 1L, transfer to a beaker and then add 1L of water. This makes your diluted to have a total new volume of 2 L (1:2 dilution) Initial Concentration: 10moles/2L = 5 M 1:2 Dilution: (5M) (1L) = M 2 (2L) M 2 = 2.5 M

7. Mini Lab: Determine the concentration of food dye using a spectrophotometer Materials: spec-20, test tubes, cuvets, DI water, Kimwipes, pipets, graduated cylinders Procedure: The group will be assigned either solution A, B or C. They have to determine proper dilution so the absorbance result will be within the range of the standard graph. The target wavelength is 630 nm.

8. Absorbance vs. Transmittance

9. Standard Graph Absorbance Concentration (mol/L)

10. Pre-Lab: Concentration of Food Dye Goal: To determine unknown concentration of food dye based on known concentration from a standard calibration curve A.Standard 1.7 X 10 -4 M B. ?

11. Mass Spectrometry

13. Photoelectron Spectroscopy

15. 12345678 H1312 He23725250 Li520729711810 Be89917571484521000 B800242636592502032820 C10862352461962213782047260 N140228554576747394425325064340 O131433885296746710987133207132084070 F168033756045840811020151601786092010 Ne20803963613093611218015240 Na49645636913954113350166002011325666 Mg737145077311054513627179952170025662 Ionization Energies in kJ/mol

16. LAB: Photoelectron Spectroscopy *Make sure to include: Title/ Purpose/ Materials/Questions Conclusion: *Discuss what information we can get from a PES graph. *Discuss ionization energy of electrons relative to their distance from the nucleus. *Discuss any limitations of the PES graph.